Advantages of Activity Based Costing

In modern business environment, the use of traditional costing system is no longer relevance to the company to achieve competitive advantage. Nowadays, Activity Based Costing is considered as one of the effective tools to enhance the ability of the organisation to meet global competition. This had resulted in the change from traditional costing system to an increasingly popular costing system such Activity-Based Costing (ABC). ABC system has emerged as an alternative to traditional costing system to meet the need for accurate cost information about the products, services, customer and processes. ABC performs the arithmetic to provide accurate cost information while Activity Based Management (ABM) is focused on using this information obtained from ABC to manage activities in order to improving business (Gunasekaran et al. , 2000). Generally ABC systems enable indirect and support expenses onto each activity. Following by identify the cost drivers to measure the activity used by cost objects and allocate them to cost driver. In order word, ABC helps the manager to understand about the cost and expense in each production by giving managers a clearer picture of the economics of their operations to managerial decision making at a strategic level (Kaplan and Copper, 1998). Apart from that, in twenty-first century market which is global consumer markets and rapidly changing product technologies have forced global manufacturers to make dramatic changes in their products, markets as well as production strategies. In order to stay in the global market, organisations are advice to adopt ABC not only produces products at faster rates, but they produce with greater consistency and conformity to quality specifications. Also, ABC system allows the manufacturers to reduce the time between customer order and product delivery which can gives the manufacturer a competitive advantage in improving customer service (Gunasekaran et al. , 1999). Therefore, it is necessary for organisation to adopt ABC system which can assist managers in identifying the value-added activities which they could further improve to meet customer’s demands and enhancing the product quality and process simplification and efficiency (Marx, 2009). For example, MelCo is the company that implements ABC and gets the benefits from it. MelCo is the only manufacturer of engineering components in Melbourne. Its previous costing system was a conventional costing system where overheads were allocated to products based on labour hour utilised (Sohal and Chung, 1998). However, management found that implement ABC system in the organisation is seem to be useful because it can assist high level of flexibility and responsiveness that demanded by the marketplace. Besides, ABC system can generate true costing and pricing which automatically give performance measures and product profitability as well as provide a variety of information for management in strategic decision making. Even though it incur high cost, MelCo think that it is worthiness because it provides a tool for management for commercial decision making although it just implement for 12 months (Sohal and Chung, 1998). Due to the changes of business environment, the company requires to manufacture very wide product range for a large customer base with high quality and innovative products in order to fulfil the demand of the consumer. By implementing ABC in organisation, ABM guides efforts to adapt business strategies to meet competitive pressures as well as to improve business operations. ABC information enables ABM to yield continuous improvement process. By continuous improvement, organisation can yield the maximum profitability as well as improved the customer’s satisfaction (Gunasekaran et al. 2000). Nowadays, customers want products and services that fit their specific needs; they want quality service at affordable price to be right now. However, since traditional costing system is volume-based, inaccurate information will be generated which lead to company make wrong decision (Gunasekaran et al. , 1999). Apart from that, stable product and mass production are no longer valid for today manufacturing system. Thus, manufacturing companies have reduced the implication of traditional cost accounting system by implementing ABC systems. In contrast to standard costing, ABC can identify value-added and non-value-added activities. To clarify this, all activities should be compared with similar activities in another company or within the organisation in order to perform the best. Hence, benchmarking should be encourages to be carried out for both value-added and non-value added activities because it is a best practice which is mostly used in real-life situation (Gunasekaran et al. , 1999). For example, 100% on time delivery of customer orders is an essential activity. Apart from that, non-value-added activities such as inspection and material handling can be reduced by using different quality assurance methods and techniques such as total quality management and just in time. With ABC, the company has a better access to decision which related to TQM and JIT (Gunasekaran et al. , 1999). To achieve cost reduction in a strategic way, activity-based costing presents to be more accurate in determining costly activities in order to help companies to better manage those activities. Unlike the information available under traditional management accounting, ABC systems are capture the significant information among customer orders and provide strategic decision making with the indication of the changes in the customer’s specifications (Lere, 2000). By implementing ABC system, it also can reduce non-value activities as well as cost of their products to compete in today competitive market. Non-value added activities can be eliminated with the implementation of strategies such as total quality management, just in time and business process re-engineering. Managers should pay more attention to those activities which will incur high cost but does not add any value to the product. Besides, managers prepared with the ABC systems were able to reduce overall costs, identify the opportunities for continuous improvement of the products. Nowadays, technology plays a dominant role of integrating various functional areas. Although the automation in advanced manufacturing environment has reduced the labour component, at the same time overheads have increased (Gunasekaran et al. , 1999). Therefore, in manufacturing environment, it is necessary for organisation to minimize non-value adding activities to reduce the cost of their products to compete in the market. By implementing ABC system in organisation, it will help to reduce direct labour component, increase in overheads as well as productivity of knowledge workers. Apart from that, ABC also helps organisation in better communications and team working environment as well as reduce time required to perform an activities due to knowledge workers and re-engineering the suggestions by employees to reduce the non-value activities (Gunasekaran et al. 1999). In contrast, the traditional costing systems do not provide non-financial information such as defect rates, level of quality about the organisation. However, implementation of activity based costing is not an easy task as there are several difficulties in implementing ABC system. One of the first fundamentals for the success of an ABC implementation is top management support for the project (Zhang and Che, 2010). The failure of ABC projects can generally be attributed to lack of visible and active management. If the organisation’s senior managers do not show the commitment and act passive in the program, it will negatively reduce the motivation of the employees. Apart from that, the productivity of the employees will also affect as well. Therefore, top management should be give full support with clear understanding of goals and objectives of the whole organisation to the employees. Besides, they should meet regularly in order to advise the management on the strategic and technology business problems (Gunasekaran et al. , 1999). Commitment of employees is one of the important factors in implementing ABC system. For the successful implementation in ABC, the employees must have a clear understanding of its capabilities, goals and objectives (Zhang and Che, 2010). As a result, education and training are necessary for the employees to make sure that they understand the objective of ABC system. When the employees are well trained and educated, they can easily reduce the time and effort required to perform an activity, on-time delivery as well as reduce the cycle time of the product. Also, employees should be provide with internal and external company training facilities to ensure them gain latest knowledge and trend in order to maintain company’s standard in today global market (Zhang and Che, 2010). For example, MelCo is a company that implementing ABC system and it found that the problems during implementation was lack of available skills in-house which means that they do not have considerable amount of education and training. Therefore, MelCo are recommended that training of employees should be taking into consideration (Sohal and Chung, 1998). As a conclusion, the changes of global business environment had changes the way of the company doing the business and shift traditional management accounting to strategic management accounting for cost management in organisations. However, it does not means that traditional management accounting is usefulness and not applicable in today business environment. Relevance of traditional cost accounting is very subjective in each view of the organisation. It may be suitable for some companies treated standard costing and variance analysis as a tool that enhances planning and control and improves performance evaluation rather than abolished it. To compete in today business environment, strategic management accounting is the most suitable accounting system for the organisation as ABC method can provides more accurate and better cost information which can helps manager to understand and make strategic decision making. Furthermore, ABC system can eliminate the non-value added activities which added value to the product cost, by doing so, organisation can reduce those unnecessary costs. Thus, ABC system is most appropriate management accounting costing in today business environment. However, there are several problems and difficulties in implementing ABC system, company should take into consideration when implementing ABC in order to maximize the fully benefits for ABC systems.

Researchers Unlock How Cells Determine Their Functions

The synopsis of this article relates to how a group of researchers from Riverside, California have revealed a molecular mechanism that directs the chance and role of cells during the process of animal development. The researchers’ discovery shows remarkable findings that are promising in the advancement of cancer and stem-cell research. The hypothesis of this article relates to even though each individual cell contains the complete DNA code, only small portions of this DNA code are activated.Therefore, the cell has a certain function instead of others. Every single gene in the DNA code is accountable for the construction of a specific protein. Activating certain genes as an alternative of others leads to the construction of a precise set of proteins and this leads to the cell acquiring a definite specific function. The strengths within the article address the overall context for their qualitative study.First, the article states that researchers give an insight explanation of h ow the protein epigenetic activators, known as Ash1, which is extracted from the fruit fly Drosophila, attaches to their target DNA and trigger genes that control what function a cell will have inside the subject’s body. More specifically, after reviewing the article, the in-depth examination of how these proteins bind to target DNA elements, such as Trithorax-reponse elements (TREs) with produces Non-coding RNA that helps stimulate the appearance of the Ubx gene by inviting the protein Ash1 to the TREs.The transgenic transcription of non-coding TRE RNA can change the type and function of cells within the body. Next, the article concludes that researchers are now focusing on how noncoding RNAs silence genes. The UCR researchers work, so far, have revealed that noncoding RNAs have an extensive range of functions than was previously known, and proposes a demonstration for how they can help activate, rather than silence, which is the fundamental regulator of animal development. Furthermore, this article shows an ample amount of weakness as well.From the main article, there was not enough information about how or exactly what causes the change in cell function. However, the related articles went into more in-depth detail of the significance of the article. The relevancy that this article has to everyday life is that many people suffer from diseases such as, different cancers, Alzheimer’s, and Autism. Therefore, in my opinion I think that this research, if proven effective, can help many people fight the ongoing battle of these diseases through stem cell research and cell splicing.The benefit of this research is that not only that researchers have identified that the activation of the mechanisms of epigenetic activators, such as Ash1, recognizes and binds these target genes and determine what functions a cell will have inside the body. The UCR researchers should perform a follow-up research on this discovery to be positive that the outcome that these researchers came up with is accurate in finding founding out how cells determine their function and if this is a step toward a cancer research.

Car Killer

Electricity is always part of our lives in the late 1990's, as GM's efforts to put electric cars on the market are reasonable, as people will start using electric cars as they think . In that way, the car will be a higher model than other models with zero emissions and stylish design, GM EV 1 is ruthless and has no gas and no oil at all. Many people think this car is the answer to the smog problem we are facing, but we will prevent global warming and solve the planet's environmental problems more. At the end there is a murderer. If this murderer is a human being, he will never run. He or she always walks very slowly, but he always keeps up with the victim, regardless of whether he is running or taking a car. This killer is always very creative about killing. Murder is not the same. The murderer like to make it interesting. The murderer finally died in the movie, and the heroes felt they won, but the murderer actually did not die many times, and there was a sequel to the new group. Di fferent stereotypes of the same name Serial killer is a foresightful serial killer. A foresight continuous killer thinks I saw a vision that they heard that sound and ordered murder. For example, David Barkowitz, known as Sam's Son claimed to have killed six young ladies and their boyfriend, as though they had parked in New York's Lovers' alley, and thought that the dog was alive did. In the hole of the wall. His apartment told him to do so. Foresight continuous killers often suffer from serious mental illness. The second type of serial killer is task oriented. The motivation for these serial killers is to eliminate certain types of people. They never saw the vision of listening to that sound or ordering to kill. Instead, they believe that the victims are unwelcome and that they will kill a noble mission. The victims of job-oriented serial killers may be homosexuals, prostitutes, members of a particular religion, or members of a particular race or ethnic group There are two serial k illers, an organizational serial killer and a disorderly serial killer. The systematic serial killer is very smart and has a plot of murder. They usually have murder weapons, they contract, they carefully leave no evidence, but take souvenirs. Some people may also leave trademarks or exceptional clues to discard the detectives. Psychiatric patients are usually systematic continuous killers. Psychiatric patients usually know the difference between right and wrong. On the other hand, an unorganized serial killer kills people whenever there is a chance; they are cluttered, leaving clues like fingerprints, blood, and even semen. Psychiatric continuous killers are often confused with crime and are more likely to be arrested. These serial killers are often not in contact with society.

STRATEGY EVALUATION AND REVISION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

STRATEGY EVALUATION AND REVISION - Essay Example Like all other aspects of life, sport has also been subject to certain modifications time and again. In modern times, sport has been subject to tremendous competition and rivalry. Sport England has come up with number of strategies to develop the community sport in England. The prime objective of the Sport England is to have a set of talented professionals by 2012 London Olympics. For this purpose various strategies like tapping young talents, recruiting expert coaches, maximising the number of volunteers, integrating the club framework are being adopted. Sport England has partnership with NGBs, Youth Sport Trust, local authorities. The analysis of the strategies of Sport England reveals that the steps are quite outstanding and has created a general interest among the mass for the development of community sport. The importance and relevance of sport in human life has long been understood and accepted. The best of the minds and talents, irrespective of their working spheres have acknowledged this fact. As the famous scientist Benjamin Franklin observed, â€Å"Games lubricate the body and the mind†, the relevance of sport can be related to the spectrum of daily or day-to-day life. In simple words, sport can be defined as an activity where the participating and competitive forces apply their physical and mental abilities to win over the competitor within a periphery of declared regulations. Though in United Kingdoms, the activity is known as ‘Sport,’ in United States, it is popularly called ‘Sports’. Today, sporting teams and their related activities with highly professional partners make an industry. Generally, we refer it as the sporting industry or fraternity.

From your initial lectures and seminars write a paragraph or two (Max Essay

From your initial lectures and seminars write a paragraph or two (Max 300 words) explaining your understanding of Organisational behaviour in businesses today - Essay Example In identifying appropriate strategic approaches organizations implement SWOT analyses; SWOT represents strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. In addition to these strategic elements organization behavior also involves developing an overarching mission statement. This functions to speak to the organizations core goals and values. Another key aspect of organizational behavior in businesses is management. Management considers the companys mission statement and strategic directives and works to achieving these goals through attention to efficiency, effectiveness, and equity. Within the organizational element of management is the question of what constitutes effective management and how it can be achieved and maintained. In these regards, Drummond is particularly effective in articulating one of the predominant organizational conflicts, â€Å"The fundamental problem of management is that organisational & individual objectives differ.† Within management organizations utilize specific approaches to management that have been categorized by researchers. These include the classical approach, the human relations approach, the scientific approach, and the systems and contingency approach. All of these approaches have strengths and weaknesses with a great number of challenges being levied at either their over or under emphasis on human or efficiency concerns. In an effort to bridge this organizational gap, the systems and contingency approach was

Design Culture of china Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Design Culture of china - Research Proposal Example The developments in the design culture of the nation have also reflected in its consumer culture too as many people are lured by the prospect of experiencing the grandeur and beauty of Chinese designs. Thus, this paper tries to throw light on the extraordinary moments in Chinese design and the rise of Chinas consumer society. There is truly a sense of design frenzy in China right now. The paper also seeks to explore how the new design explosion has drastically changed the major Chinese cities beyond all recognition in the last two decades. The changes foresee that there will be a time when everyone talks about things being designed in China, not just made in China. The designers included in China Design Now are pioneers for future generations who will bring Chinese design to an international audience. The paper also explores the origin and development of the design culture in the nation and it deals with all the major designers, architects and artists of the era and pinpoints the pec uliarities of their designs. Tracing back to the origin of designs in China, one understands that the nation has a unique and traditional fashion designing from its early history which was very much in tune with the customs and traditions of the early Chinese people. The nation maintains a long and rich tradition in clothing and fashion designing. The ancient Chinese clothing demonstrated both refinement and sophistication even during the Shang Dynasty from 16th to 11th B.C. Pien-fu, the chang-pao, and the shen-I are the thre dominant traditional Chinese clothing and each of them has strong roots in the tradition and customs that prevailed in the early Chinese civilization. The pien-fu is a â€Å"two-piece ceremonial costume of a tunic-like top extending to the knees and a skirt or trousers extending to the ankles† whereas the chang-pao is â€Å"a one-piece garment extending from the shoulders all the way to the heels† (The Culture of China: Living and

Family Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family Immigration - Essay Example From the interview, I discovered that my family is an immigrant from Romania; whereby, my grandfather’s father, Petru Balkan, having come to the United States in 1904. Petru came to the United States to make money so that he could return to Romania and start a business that would ensure the prosperity of his family. He came from a peasant background and because of this, he wanted to start a business in the one of the cities so that he could escape the poverty that tied many Romanian peasants to the land. In the beginning of the twentieth century, Romania was still a backward country both economically and industrially with most of the population still living in rural areas and working the land to make a living. The fact that many Romanians lived in poverty in rural areas provided them with the incentive to leave their homes and either go to the cities or to travel overseas where they believed they could attain a better life. In most cases, such as that of Petru Balkan, going to countries such as the United States was a temporary move which was done to ensure that they raised enough money with which they could return home and get involved in businesses which would enable them to become members of the small middle class of Romania. Therefore, the move to the United States by Romanians of the early twentieth century, in most cases, was inspired by economic factors and for many of them, the move was only temporary. The idea of coming to the United States was given to Petru by one of his cousins who had gone to the United States several years earlier and had managed to raise enough money to start his own business in Romania; a business which had achieved relative success. Therefore, at the age of twenty-two, Petru travelled to the United States with the intention of returning to Romania after five years at most. Petru came to America by ship and he had a rough time because, in addition to having never sailed before, he was very seasick

The Existence of Q Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

The Existence of Q - Research Paper Example Its existence is said to be capable of being inferred by analyzing the texts of Matthew and Luke and seeing commonalities which point to a common source. Barclay 1The name comes from the German ‘Quelle’ or source, and it is often referred to as the ‘Q Gospel’, although other names have been given by particular writers. It was first given this title relatively recently by 19th-century German theologian Johannes Weiss (1863-1914) 2. The term is used to refer to material found in the gospels of Matthew and Luke, but not in their other common source, Marks gospel, which must have been written before those of Matthew and Luke. Matthew Henry puts Matthew’s Gospel as perhaps as early as eight years after the Ascension, which would make ‘Q’ very early indeed.3 The gospel of John was written very much later, around the end of the first century. Because of their common content, the first three gospels are referred to as the Synoptic Gospels, the na me comes from two Greek words which mean â€Å"to see together†. Gore et al add that this means they could be put together in columns and compared.4 Barclay 5whereas John is a quite separate text. Luke and Matthew used this material in common despite the fact that Matthew was aiming his gospel at members of the Jewish nation and Luke seem to have been aiming at a wider Gentile readership. Weiss was referring to ‘Q’ as oral tradition, an idea agreed with by Marshall, 6 stating that:- Marshall also states that Mark also used this oral tradition, adding to it first-hand graphic accounts he obtained from his close contact with Saint Peter8. He first wrote in 1920, revising his work in 1948. Later B. H.Streeter, a British theologian, put forward the idea that it had actually existed as a written document in Greek, a text which Nineham refers to merely as ‘another source.’ According to Lawrence in private, he actually speculated that it might have been written by Jesus himself.   

Computer Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Computer Literacy - Essay Example It exists for programs that are developed by programmers. There are two main classes of software: systems software along with applications software. Systems software controls and manages the function of the computer system when it carries out tasks on behalf of the system user (Chitra & Rani 2014). Systems software comprises of three essential classes: software development programs, operating systems, and utility programs. A database is an assortment of interrelated files. They can exist on paper, for instance, a telephone directory. Paper databases are inefficient as well as costly to keep. A computer-based database has the benefit of powerful explore services that can be used to find and get information several times faster than the physical techniques (Greenwell, Liu, & Chalmers 2014). Electronic databases provide amenities for system users to add modify or delete records as desired. Indexing characteristics imply that the same essential information is stored in a number of diverse categories. It offers great flexibility as well as allows system users to track, retrieve and put in order information as desired. A business information system is a group of interconnected constituents that work together to perform input, processing, output, and storage as well as management actions so as to change data into information products. These products can then be used to support planning, forecasting, control, decision making, coordination and functional activities in business. In terms of the elements that do this activity, they can be grouped into five fundamental assets of hardware, people, software, communications as well as data. People resources comprise of the users along with developers of information computer system. It also includes those who assist to maintain along with operating the system like as IS managers in addition to technical support personnel (Chitra & Rani 2014). Hardware

Estimating and Measuring Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Essay

Estimating and Measuring Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) - Essay Example Francis, C. 2010. International Business: Text and Cases. US: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Girma, S. 2001. Who benefits from Foreign Direct Investments in the UK. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 48(2). Hanson, G.H. 1997. Foreign direct investment and relative wages: Evidence from Mexico’s maquiladoras. Journal of International Economics 42, pp. 371–393. Javorick, B.S. 2004. Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers Through Backward Linkages. The American Economic Review 94(3), pp. 605- 625. Reinert, K.A., Rajan, R.S., Glass, A.J. and Davis, L.S. 2008. The Princeton Encyclopedia of the World Economy. NY: Princeton University Press. Teng, N.T. 2009. Estimating the Domestic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Flows in Malaysia: Evidence from cointegration and error connection model. Jurnal Pengurusan 28, pp. 2-22. Wu, Y. 2000. Measuring the performance of foreign direct investment: a case study of China. Else vier 66, pp. 143–150. Introduction The main focus of the following report is to design an intellectual piece which will be helpful in providing high class of information in the context of foreign direct investment. The foreign direct investment is controversial issue, and has been able to gain the interest of the developed, developing and underdeveloped countries. It becomes essential to highlight that the foreign direct investment helps in boosting the speed of economic development of the countries. For the purpose of getting detailed information about the concept, its estimation and measurement the scholarly articles, research paper and excerpts from the books have been taken into consideration. The main intention is to get throw light on estimation and measurement of foreign direct investment. The report is based on 10 journal articles which have been selected in order to get the most accurate information in the context of the research. In the report, the articles have bee n thoroughly reviewed in order to collect the most valuable and adequate information in the context of research question which relates to estimation and measurement of foreign direct investment. In order to maintain the proper flow of the paper the concept of foreign direct investment is explained in detail which is further continued by explaining the types of foreign direct investment. Along with this the paper will also throw light on the importance and contribution of FDI in strengthening the working and functioning of the economy of the country. The paper is further directed towards the steps which are undertaken for estimating foreign direct investment in the country. Along with this there is detailed discussion about the measurement techniques and tools which are used in relation with this concept. Further the major points of the discussion have been clubbed in the conclusion section of the paper. Foreign Direct Investment Foreign direct investment refers to the investment whi ch is made as a direct investment into production or business in a country by a company which is typically situated in some another country. This is done by buying a company and it shares or by undertaking expansion strategies of an existing business in the country. It is quite different from other indirect investment such as portfolio flows, which require an investment by the overseas institution in equities listed on the stock exchange of the nation (Francis 2010). The path of direct investment

Hotseating evaluation Essay Example for Free

Hotseating evaluation Essay I played Benvolio in the hot seating exercise. The majority of the questions were asked about my relationship with Rosaline. The first and the most challenging question that I has asked in role was: If youd have to chose between your family and Rosaline, which one would you chose?. I found it very difficult to answer, because Benvolio does love Rosaline very much, but would he leave his family, who has raised him for all of his life, for a girl? I believed that at that point Benvolio would leave almost everything for Rosaline. He was blinded by love and his family wanted revenge, whilst the only thing he wished was peace. Benvolio had deep feeling towards Rosaline and he truly believed that he has the power to win her heart and erase the hatred, only if he would give her time. Another quite interesting question from Plub was raised How did I know that Rosaline is not going to kill me in the elections of The Prince of Cats?. My answer was again referring to the fact that Benvolio was extremely in love with Rosaline It was in her eyes. She couldnt do it. This shows that Benvolio believed only the best of the girl. This hotseating exercise made me more optimistic that the peace can be achieved between the two families, because Benvolio showed strong feelings of love for Rosaline. Feelings that are strong enough, I believe, to destroy her hatred. Rosaline had already shown some moments of hesitation (she didnt hurt Benvolio in the end of the elections of The Prince of Cats) of her dedication to revenge. Therefore if he keeps on trying to win the revolutionary girls heart, I am sure that he can achieve the aim. The fighters without the leader will fall apart and slowly the massive hatred between the families will disappear. But on the other hand, I believe that the oldest generation will try to continue the war, but they are too aged and tired to accomplish anything recognizable. During hotseating I discovered that Benvolio is very straight-forward and open-minded person, who is not afraid to talk about his feelings. His character is sweet and gentle. But on the other hand after diving into his mind, I learnt that he was more blinded by love towards Rosaline that I thought All the answers to the questions were about creating a better impression of Rosaline that she is not a bad person by wanting revenge, just confused and hurt. I also wanted to put across Benvolios sense of hurt, because Rosaline is rejecting his love, by facial expressions and petite gestures. Reason of the choice of still images Still image one The first still image introduces the situation the hatred and suppressed urge to fight with each other, which is also referring to the theme of the play. Furthermore the first two characters, Valentine and Rosaline, both lost somebody dear to them in Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet, therefore are very revengeful. Even more significant is the fact that Valentine and Rosaline are representatives of the opposite families: Montagues and Capulets. This noteworthy detail and their violent movement suggest that there is really no truce existing between the two families. Still image two Benvolio is offering Rosaline his love, whilst she is still devastated because of the loss of Romeo. This as well is one of the main points of the play: Benvolio is trying to stop the endless fight by opening her eyes. But Rosaline is blinded and deaf by the dead love. The scene shows the levels of power to emphasize that Rosaline is the one who makes decisions whether to be on the same side of Benvolio or not. Still image three In the still image Revenge vs. Passion the levels of power are greatly highlighted. The situation is similar to Still image two, but in this scene Rosalines feelings have developed from mourning to hatred and revenge. This darkness has filled her heart and she cant even look at people who care for her, because they might distract her from the mission. From the mission of revenge. It is the ultimate theme of the play: Is Rosalines hatred strong enough to carry out the revenge or Benvolio will stop her with his passion full of love. Still image four Rosaline goes to the tomb to steal the sword that lies between Romeo and Juliet. It is the turning point of the play, because now Rosaline has dangerous weapon. As previous still images have shown, Rosaline is full of rage and wants to spill the blood. And now she has the right tools for it. There is high range of tension, because Rosaline is having a monologue with dead Juliet her jealousy and disgust, as well as nasty insultings became more powerful with each sentence. This suggests that she is confident and ready to have the revenge. Still image five The election for Prince of Cats has commenced. We chose this still image to show the audience will officially peace begin or revenge takes its chance. People on Rosalines side represent the rage and eager to fight, while Petruchios side is full of peace. As well as we can see from the still images, there are more people on Rosalines side, which means that the revenge will continue. Alice is in between the two leaders. With that point we wanted to represent the fact that she loves Petruchio, but the urge to fight it too strong. Still image six The last still image signifies the testing of Rosalines love and revengeful feelings. She lays her sword on Benvolios chest. Rosaline does not cut nor hurt him; however she has the chance, which means that even though her heart is full of hatred, there is hope for it to cool down. There is hope for peace. But still the war hasnt ended, because nobody laid their weapons down.

The first miracle by Jeffery Archer Essay Example for Free

The first miracle by Jeffery Archer Essay Jeffery Archer was once an M.P and deputy chairman of the conservative party he now lives in Cambridge with his wife and two sons. He has written many books and a fictitious play called The accused in which he plays himself in a legal battle to clear himself of murder .At the end of the play the audience must vote if he is guilty or not and the evidence is stacked so they will find him innocent. He is a populist writer -writing for the masses . He has been in the newspaper a lot recently as he is going to court again because new evidence has been given against him and it has been found out that he lied whilst under oath. He may go to prison. The mother in this Roman family (Mater) seems a kind, caring sort of person. She is very understanding and protective especially of her son. She is also very pragmatic this is shown when she chooses to wear the clothes of the locals to keep cool but she changes back into imperial dress before her husband comes home from work because she doesnt want to disrespect his wishes. This shows how much she respects and wants to obey her husband .It also shows her secret respect for Bethlehem and its people. She must love her husband because she came away from Rome to Bethlehem where her husband has been sent by the emperor to govern .She also feels a bit frightened of him as though he over power her His mother followed and stood silently drying her eyes just inside the door -This is when the father is beating the boy. She has a lot of power in the family Although she is living in a patriarchal society .She seems to have a lot of control over her son and she is very aware of everything going on around her .She is the sort of peace keeper in the family and she holds the family together. She knows that her son is mischievous and does punish him. She sometimes gets angry Go and play outside, she had snapped But she knows he is good at heart. At the end of the story she tells her son not to mention the miracle to his father because she knows him and she knows he wouldnt believe it and that he may punish them both because he will want to show that he is powerful. This shows that she knows her husband well enough to know how he will react to certain things, this shows that they must be quite a close family. The boys father (Pater) is a Roman governor in Bethlehem and he looks down on the villagers and has a reputation to keep up this is why he doesnt like his wife dressing like them .He is very prejudice against the villagers which rubs off on his wife Never forget that the people here are all thieves He is very forceful and likes to be in control. This is because of his job, which is to keep order in Bethlehem and to count each inhabitant and tax them accordingly. These is why the locals dont like him and are even scared of his son when he goes to the market ,The boy handed him a few of the worthless Herod coins. The man was about to protest but the boy gave him a look he had seen his father give someone once and walked off, (This is probably that they dont want to anger him by arguing with his family) I think he is good at his job because he is in control of the locals -they obey him and the boy respects his father and wants to be like him because he sees how much power he has and he sees him as an important ruler that Rome just couldnt live without. When the boy goes to market -I havent got all day said the boy, trying to sound like his father The only problem is that he brings his job home with him. This is shown by the text still referring to him as the governor when hes at home The governor rose from his chair and removed the leather belt from around his waist this is why he is often a bit overpowering on his family. He loves his wife very much and his son but he doesnt really understand his son and likes them both to know that he is in charge in the family even though it sometimes seems that the mother has more control over their son. He often gets angry with the boy and thrashes him because he wants him to grow up as the governors son and serve the emperor just like him and the boy is often naughty. He doesnt believe his sons story because he doesnt like to think that one of the locals is special and its not really a very believable story, also the boy has pomegranate juice on him showing that he has eaten a pomegranate -the father thinks that he must have eaten the rest of the food too and thats what really happened to the boy. This shows that he doesnt entirely trust his son and he doesnt want to believe that there is another king better than Caesar. The boy is mischievous and sometimes naughty He had to admit hed been naughty that day, even by the standards of a normal 13 year old. but he does mean well. He is very thoughtful and daydreams a lot as a result of this as he does at the beginning of the story .He is like his dad in what he does this is probably because he has been brought up to respect his father and he knows how powerful his dad is and so tries to be like him. He is also like his mum in the way he thinks because he probably spends the majority of his time with her and so he has come to see things her way. He prefers to use brains than Braun: When his friend says, Ill conquer them and you can govern them the boy replies: A sensible division between brains and Brawn It is the boy that sees the real Christmas story because he still has his childhood innocence and is willing to learn. Also, he is Roman -The invader-and most people disliked the Romans so the fact that a Roman witnesses the birth of Christ is a symbol that Christianity is for everybody and so is Christmas. His experience does change him: It broadens his mind and opens him up to see there are other things in the world and good things about Bethlehem .He doesnt see these things before because his father has told him terrible stories about it and he would rather be back home with all his friends in Rome. The description in this particular part of the story is very vivid., Mezmarised Archer has mixed the language of a child with the thoughts of a child in a more adult language which gives a very good description The woman was very fat He doesnt see that she is actually pregnant and this shows his childhood innocence and thoughts. It is easy to imagine because he has used lots of short, one-word descriptions and sentences so that the text is easier to understand and we can get a better picture of the family. There is also a lot of speech to get over the characters personalities. We are shown that this is a Roman family by the way they think of the locals -They are prejudiced against them, this is shown also by the diction of the family That useless Herod! The market scene makes the story seem more real because its the sort of thing that happens every day to everybody showing that for the boy its just an ordinary day until he sees the Christmas story-taking place. I think that Archers aims for the story -apart from money were to convey a moral message that Christmas and Christianity are for everybody. I think that this story is for older children and adults because a small child may struggle to understand it. I like this story and think that its a really good modern way of writing the Christmas story. A really good picture of the family is built up they are quite close and understanding. It seems like the boy is an only child but this just brings the family even closer.

Trichomonas Vaginalis and HIV in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women

Trichomonas Vaginalis and HIV in Asymptomatic Pregnant Women PREVALENCE OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS AND HIV CO-INFECTION AMONG ASYMPTOMATIC PREGNANT WOMEN IN ZARIA, NORTHERN NIGERIA ABSTRACT Background: Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Serious adverse reproductive health outcomes including pregnancy complications, pelvic inflammatory disease, and an increased risk of HIV acquisition have been linked to Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Objective: To determine the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in asymptomatic pregnant women and their HIV status in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Northern Nigeria. Methodology: A prospective cross-sectional descriptive study, using a proforma to obtain demographic and reproductive health information from consenting pregnant women attending antenatal clinic. Vaginal swab and blood samples was taken and analysed for Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV respectively. Data was analysed using SPSS V17 with p value of significance was set at 0.05. Results: The overall prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis was 19.2%.There was an inverse relationship between the level of education and acquisition of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnancy; women having no formal education had a higher prevalence of the Trichomonas vaginalis infection (7.5%) as against those who had tertiary education (1.7%). The 26- 30 years age group had the highest prevalence of both HIV infection (5.0%) and Trichomonas vaginalis infection (5.8%); strongly suggesting the possibility of co-infection between the two agents. There was a statistically significant association between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and HIV infection with a P value of 0.0003. The relative risk of acquiring HIV in the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection was 4. (RR 4.193 confidence Interval 1.756-10.01). Conclusion: Improvement of the socioeconomic status and education of women especially sexual health; will reduce the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV co-infection. Keywords: Pregnancy, Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV infection INTRODUCTION Trichomonas vaginalis has continued to cause serious adverse reproductive health outcomes including pregnancy complications, pelvic inflammatory disease, and an increased risk of HIV acquisition1 The magnitude of social and economic consequences of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in developing countries has made it a major public health problem. 2, 3 STIs are also found in pregnant women and the prevalence is higher in Africa causing significant maternal and perinatal morbidity. 3-5 Trichomonas vaginalis is a unicellular flagellate protozoan organisms that cause STI.6 Many STIs including those due to Trichomonas, can be transmitted to the fetus via transplacental spread or by passage through the birth canal and via lactation to the neonate. 6 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and other Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) have been associated with a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes which includes abortion, stillbirth, preterm delivery, low birth weight, postpartum sepsis, neonatal pneumonia, neonatal blindness congenital infection. 2-5, 7 Recent research has shown that having one untreated STI increases the risk of contracting another potentially more dangerous one, like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection if there is exposure. 8, 9Trichomoniasis in pregnancy has been reported to impacts adversely on birth outcomes and is also a co-factor in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission and acquisition. 10, 11 Clinical infection with Trichomonas vaginalis in the neonate is an unusual occurrence and has been reported in a two weeks old girl child presenting with vaginal discharge with complete resolution to metronidazole treatment.12 Due to high frequency of the infection during pregnancy and the development of metronidazole-resistant isolates, therapeutic alternatives to 5-nitroimidazole are being searched like Triterpenes; which are natural products presenting several biological activities such as anti-protozoal activity.13 The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infections are typically underestimated due to poor sensitivity of diagnostic tests.6 However, the World Health Organization (WHO) quoted the overall prevalence as 3.1%.6, 14 In Nigeria the prevalence observed in an Enugu study was 6.9%; 15 4.7% was seen in Ilorin16 and 29.8% in Lagos.17 In the sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria, Trichomoniasis has neither been the focus of intensive study nor of active control programs, and this neglect is likely a function of the relatively mild nature of the disease. 18 This study explored the rate of Trichomonas infection in pregnancy as well as the level of co-infection with HIV with a view to adding to the growing body of literature and suggests control measures. METHODOLOGY This was a cross sectional study which was conducted over a three month period. Questionnaires were used to obtain the socio-demographic and reproductive profile from consenting clients who were attending antenatal clinic for the first time in their current pregnancy at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Northern Nigeria. High vaginal swabs and blood specimens for both Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV were obtained and analysed. The data obtained was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 17.0 for windows. The level of significance was considered to be p-value Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV infection was determined using the Epi-Info software. RESULTS A total of 120 women consented for the study. The socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics of the patients are as shown in Table 1.0. The mean age was 28.5 + 2.3years, mean gravidity was 3.5 and 20 weeks was the average gestational age at booking. The overall prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis was 19.2%. The 26-30 years age groups having a value of 5.8% which was closely followed by age group 21-25years with 5.0%. The lowest prevalence was found at age group 36-40years. Low level of education is shown to have a positive impact on the acquisition of vaginal Trichomonas vaginalis. Clients having low level of education had a higher prevalence of the Trichomonas vaginalis; 7.5% was seen in those with Koranic (non-formal) education. The prevalence was however lowest in those who had tertiary education 1.7%.- The highest prevalence was seen in clients who were housewives (10.5%); students and civil servants had the lowest prevalence of 1.7% and 2.5% respectively. Mutigravidae are more likely than primigravidae to have Trichomonas vaginalis infection (15.0% vs. 4.1%). The prevalence was observed to be highest in the second trimester (10.8%) as compared to the first and third trimester which were 5.0% and 3.3% respectively. The frequency distribution of HIV status in the study population among the consenting client is shown in Table 2.0. Sixteen out of 98 were positive for HIV giving a prevalence of 16.3%. Figure 1.0 shows the percentage distribution of HIV by client’s age group. It was observed that HIV was more prevalent in age group 26-30years (5.0%) and was least prevalent in the older age group of 36-40years (0.8%). The relationship between the occurrence of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV infection is shown in a two by two table (Table 2.0). DISCUSSION The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis found in this study was 19.2%. The World Health Organization quoted a prevalence of between 3.0- 3.1%6, 14, 19, but added that there was under reporting of the infection. Prevalence rates as high as 29.8% was found in Lagos, Nigeria 17 16.0% was seen in Mwanza, Tanzania20 and a lower rate of 4.7% and 6.9% were found in Ilorin, Nigeria 16 and Enugu, Nigeria15 respectively. A prevalence of 3.7% was seen in a study in Togo.21 Our result compares with that of Tanzania. In the age related prevalence, the study showed a steady increase in prevalence between ages of 16 to 30years, with the highest rate of 5.8% occurring in the age group 26-30years. This may suggest an increasing sexual activities along the age line considering the fact that Trichomonas vaginalis is sexually transmitted. This can also probably explain the decline in prevalence in the older age group with lowest rate of 0.8% at age group 35-40years. There is however a slight variation with the Enugu study which found the highest age related prevalence of 3.7% among the age group 20-25years. There was an inverse relationship between the level of education and acquisition of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnancy; women having no formal education had a higher prevalence of the Trichomonas vaginalis infection (7.5%) as against those who had tertiary education (1.7%). This was consistent with findings in Enugu and Ilorin where low level of education was associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Formal education is associated with improvement in personal hygiene and sexual behavior. The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis was highest among housewives and least among students; this was unlike the Enugu study that found the highest prevalence to be among the business group. The sociocultural backgrounds of the two environment relatively differs and the lack formal education among housewives in our environment can be a predisposing factor to the acquisition of Trichomonas vaginalis infection. There appears to be a relationship between parity, trimester of pregnancy and infection with Trichomonas vaginalis. Previous pregnancies was recorded in the literature to be a risk factor.10 This study showed a higher prevalence rate among the multigravidae as compared to primigravidae. The prevalence was highest in the second trimester of pregnancy as compared to other trimesters. This findings was similar that of Cotch et al4 in their study of vaginal infections and prematurity; where Trichomonas vaginalis infection was commonest in mid gestation. The mean age at booking was 20 weeks showing that most women were seen in the second trimester when Trichomonas vaginalis infection was more likely to be present. The prevalence of HIV infection in this study was 16.8% which was higher than the national average of 3.4% and Kaduna state average of 9.2%. 22 This may be explained by the fact that most of the clients were in their reproductive years and the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria was a major referral center for the Prevention of Mother To Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in Northern Nigeria. Both HIV and Trichomonas vaginalis infection were highest in the age group 26-30 years; this was strongly suggestive of the possibility of co-infection between the two agents. There was a statistically significant association between Trichomonas vaginalis infection and HIV infection with a P value of 0.0003. There was a four times relative risk of acquiring HIV in the presence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection (RR 4.193 confidence Interval 1.756-10.01). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Routine screening for STIs like Trichomonas vaginalis during antenatal period should be the standard of care because of its proven benefits on the outcome of pregnancy. Metronidazole which is the treatment option when found, is a cheap, readily available and safe in pregnancy. Additionally, screening for HIV co-infection will add value to healthcare services in the antenatal clinic. Improvement of the socioeconomic status and formal education in women especially sexual health and lifestyle modification is likely to reduce the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV co infection. REFERENCE: Coleman JS, Gaydos CA, Witter F. Trichomonas vaginalis Vaginitis in Obstetrics and Gynecology Practice: New Concepts and Controversies. Obstet Gynecol Surv. Jan 2013; 68(1): 43–50. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e318279fb7d Begum A, Nilufar S, Akther K, Rahman A, Khatun F, Rahman M. Prevalence of selected reproductive tract infections among pregnant women attending an urban maternal and childcare unit in Dhaka, Bangladesh. J Health Popul Nutr 2003; 21: 112-6. Muelen J, Mgaya HN, Chang-Claude J, et al. Risk factors for HIV infection in gynaecological inpatients in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, 1988-1990. East Afr Med J 1992; 69: 688-92. Cotch MF, Pastorek JG, Nugent RP: Trichomonas vaginalis associated with low birth weight and preterm delivery.The Vaginal Infections and Prematurity Study Group. Sex Transm Dis 1997 Jul; 24(6): 353-60 Shuter J, Bell D, Graham D, Holbrook KA, Bellin EY. Rates of and risk factors for trichomoniasis among pregnant inmates in New York City. Sex Transm Dis 1998; 25: 303-7. Richard Gentry Wilkerson, et al. Trichomoniasis via http/eMedicine emergency medicine>infectious disease. Accessed March 20 2008, 1430hrs. Sebitloane HM, Moodley J, Esterhuizen TM. Pathogenic lower genital tract organisms in HIV-infected and uninfected women, and their association with postpartum infectious morbidity. S Afr Med J. 2011 Jun 27; 101(7):466-9. Ament, L. A. and E. Whalen (1996). â€Å"Sexually transmitted diseases in pregnancy: diagnosis, impact, and intervention.† J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 25(8): 657-66. Borchardt, K. A. (1994). â€Å"Trichomoniasis: its clinical significance and diagnostic challenges.† Am Clin Lab 13(9): 20-1. Laga M, Manoka A, Kivuvu M, et al. Non- ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases as risk factors for HIV-1 transmission in women: results from a cohort study. AIDS 1993; 7: 95-102. Sorvillo F, Smith L., Kerndt P, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV and African-Americans. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:927-32 (Medline). Irving S D, James M S et al; Neonatal T. Vaginalis infection. Journal of Emergency Medicine; vol 13 issue 1 Jan – Feb 1995. 51-54 Innocente AM, Vieira PB, Frasson AP, Casanova BB, Gosmann G, Gnoatto SC, Tasca T. Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity from triterpenoid derivatives. Parasitol Res. 2014 Aug; 113(8):2933-40. doi: 10.1007/s00436-014-3955-0. Madeline S et al Trichomoniasis highly prevalent in US black women clin infec dis 2007; 45:1319-1325 Chigozie J. U, Cletus D. C. U., Ali, Mirian A. Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnant women in South – Eastern Nigeria; a public health importance. The internet Journal of obstetrics and gynecology accessed 20th April 2008. Aboyeji AP, Nwabuisi C. Prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among pregnant women in Ilorin, Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol 2003; 23: 637-9. Oladele TO et al, Reliance on microscopy in T. Vaginalis Diagnosis and prevalence in female presenting with vaginal discharge in Lagos Nigeria.eMedicine on pubmed accessed 20 August 2008 2100Hrs Ogunjobi BO, Osola AO; Trichomonal Vagintis in Nigerian Women; Tropical Geographic Medicine 1984 36(1): 67-70. WHO: Trichomoniasis. Available at: http://www.who.int. Mayaud P, Uledi E, Cornelissen J, et al. Risk scores to detect cervical infections in urban antenatal clinic attenders in Mwanza, Tanzania. Sex Transm Infect 1998; 74 Suppl 1: S139-46. Tchelougou DI, Karou DS, Kpotsra A, Balaka A, Assih M, Bamoke M, Katawa G, Anani K, Simpore J, de Souza C. Vaginal infections in pregnant women at the Regional Hospital of Sokode (Togo) in 2010 and 2011. Med Sante Trop. 2013 Jan-Mar;23 (1):49-54. doi: 10.1684/mst.2013.0142. Federal Ministry of Health [Nigeria] (2013). National HIV AIDS and Reproductive Health Survey, 2012 (NARHS Plus). Federal Ministry of Health Abuja, Nigeria. Pp 40-42. 1

Sin of Adultery in The Scarlet Letter by Hawthorne :: essays research papers

The greatest sin committed by any character in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter was that of Arthur Dimmesdale. Although Hester Prynne and Roger Chillingworth wronged each other, the person that did evil against both of them was Dimmesdale. Not only did Dimmesdale have relations with Hester Prynne though he knew that she was still married, but he never came forward as the companion in her sin. Hester Prynne, whose husband was missing for two years with no proof of him being alive of dead, had an affair with Reverend Dimmesdale. She was charged by the court of Boston, Massachusetts for adultery and was sentenced to wear a red letter "A" on her clothes at all times and to stand on the scaffold for three hours a day. Although she would not speak the man's name who was her accomplice, what Hester did in repentance was that she admitted to her crime and served her punishment. Master Prynne, also known as Roger Chillingworth, was partly responsible for Hester Prynne's relationship with Reverend Dimmesdale because his absence of communication for two years caused her to think that he was dead. Chillingworth was also guilty of tormenting Reverend Dimmesdale after he was convinced that he was the father of Hester's child. Pearl, who has a great sense of observation, claims that Chillingworth is the devil and has taken control over Dimmesdale when she says "Come away, mother! Come away, or yonder old black man will catch you! He hath got hold of the minister already." Arthur Dimmesdale was involved in the adulterous act along with Hester Prynne. One fact that makes this event more criminal for him is that Dimmesdale is a minister. Another reason for Dimmesdale's acts to be more shameful than Hester's is that she confessed and served the punishment for her crime. While Hester was on the scaffold, Dimmesdale expresses that he does not have the courage to admit his sin and sacrifice his good name. However, when Dimmesdale says "who, perchance, hath not the courage to grasp it for himself--the bitter, but wholesome, cup that is now presented to thy lips" he is inviting Hester to confess Dimmesdale's involvement with her to the townspeople with the explanation that it will be a bitter but wholesome relief to the both of them. Although Dimmesdale was tortured by his conscience for his wrongdoings, he did not publicly admit his guilt until seven years later on.

Politics and Political Sciences :: Political Governmental Essays

Politics and Political Sciences What is political science? It is the study of the mechanism that people employ for their protection, better known as a government. When looking up the word government in the dictionary the word authority is used repeatedly. To many people the type and extent of authority over them is very important. So, which is the best kind of government? Is it the monarch or the republic? It is important to look at the difference between monarchs and republics and how they came about. Monarchies are usually run by a king or queen. These rulers are heads of the government because of birth. Of course, not all monarchs are the same, some are more powerful than others. There are three kinds of monarchs limited, constitutional, and an absolute. The least powerful of the group is the limited monarch. They usually have no political power and are just a historical figure. The country is run by the prime minister. A good example of this is England. Queen Elizabeth makes public appearances and ceremonies. The truth is she has no decisions in political decisions. She can not make laws of or deal with any similar issue, but is still a very important part of England's tradition. There can be different titles in different countries. For example in Japan the Emperor is like the king or queen of England. The constitutional monarch has more powers than the limited monarch, but they are restricted. The countries constitution puts the king, queen, prime minister, and parliament below the law. They can make laws and policies or veto, however, parliament must give their consent. Some countries that are constitutional monarchs are Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. The final and most powerful monarchs are absolute monarchs. In these countries The king or queen have absolute control over the country. At one time all monarchs used to be absolute. The king or queen is the law, the Parliament can suggest ideas but he or she has the final say. Absolute powers today include Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, however, in these countries the head authority is called the Amir. The other form of government is a republic. In the dictionary it is that said that a republic is a form of government where the power is in the citizens who are allowed to elect their representation. However, it is better said, a country without a king or queen and is not a monarch because not all republics are the same.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Emilys Strength in Knights Tale Essay

Emily's Strength in Chaucer's The Knight's Tale This passeth yeer by yeer and day by day, Till it fill ones, in a morwe of May, that Emelye, that fairer was to sene Than is the lylie upon his stalke grene, And fressher than the May with floures newe - For with the rose colour stroof hire hewe, I noot which was the fyner of hem two- (1033-1039) Thus is Emily, the least often discussed of the four central characters in the Knight's Tale, described upon her first important entrance in the tale, when the knights initially view her in all of her loveliness. This description of Emily fits in with the common criticism that she is more a symbol of the beauty and goodness that chivalric nature desires than an actual character with thoughts, actions and emotions of her own (Donaldson 49). However, although Emily does lack an individual nature and depth of mind, she still has a certain power and dynamic nature about her that is unusual for a woman in the time period during which Chaucer wrote her story (Spearing 43). Through her prayers to Diana asking to remain chaste, some may argue that Emily is, once again, merely reacting to an event, rather than having thoughts of her own (Donaldson 49). A stronger point, however, is made in regards to her heritage as an Amazon woman. Rather than remain in keeping with the popular sentiments of the day and be completely submissive to men, Emily is showing her inherited reluctance to become a subordinate creature (Spearing 43). She is thereby exhibiting a rare bit of strength and showing us that she has power in more ways than one. Often, Emily is said to be a con... ...creature with whom they are faced. In conclusion, this tale, especially through its use of Emily, the rhetorical, perfect, but still strong, symbol, tells us more about ourselves and our lives than a similar story with true, individual characters could. By using these ultimate examples, each reader is able to see the truth behind them and, therefore, learn a bit about life and the actions which people take. Although Emily is a symbol, she still exhibits a marvelous quality of strength, regardless of her lack of individuality. Works Cited Benson, Larry D., ed. The Riverside Chaucer. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. Cooper, Helen. The Structure of The Canterbury Tales. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1983. Donaldson, E. Talbot. Speaking of Chaucer. New York: Norton, 1970. Spearing, A.C. Chaucer: The Knight's Tale. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Do the Press Have Too Much Freedom Essay

Freedom of expression has always been emphasized as an essential basis for the democratic functioning of a society. The reasons for this are: the right of an individual to self-fulfillment, which right requires the communication of thought and an attempt which is frustrated if information is suppressed or comment blocked. For this we need press and it has to be free for being unbiased. Newspapers is an important source of information spreads news in an unlimited way. Furthermore, newspapers spread appropriate information to the readers and motivate them to think and to be aware about current events that affect society; additionally they can undermine important people’s public image by spreading biased information. They do so, in order to provide exclusive stories with the objective of selling more. What is more, distortion of information, invasion of privacy and the dissemination of unfounded news are only a part of a long list of felonies that the written media commits in order to be read all over the world. For instance, many artist are victims of newspaper’s harassment and slander on their good names. In this sense, journalists invade actors or actresses’ privacy or invent stories that affect their integrity and self-image with the aim of getting the scoop. Nevertheless, how is it to be a newsman? My understanding of a reporter is that it is their job to report the news. That doesn’t mean anything beyond telling exactly what happened. The opinions and the slants put on the news by every network, cable and broadcast, are not reporting. They are television. They are looking for advertisers and ratings. They are looking for the best story instead of the truth. They are reality TV – scripted shows pretending to be spontaneous. Now, I do understand that a news reporter has to pre-write the story so they are not sitting there grumping trying to find the words. So, do newspapers have too much freedom? This question lead us to think about how powerful newspapers are and their real incidence in our lives. Moreover, how much freedom is too much? All of this needs to be looked into and needs to be answered. In addition, the media needs to be held much more accountable for the way they cover the news. Otherwise, history is going to show that our democracy fell apart because it was taken advantage of.

Endangered Languages Essay

voice communications that be threatened with the deviation of fuelcel generational transmission ar referred to as menace linguistic communications. diction endangerment generally occurs in the later stages of nomenclature interruption, that is, when a nomenclature confederation moves away from their earlier variety, dialect, or quarrel to a new oneness or new set therefore (Fishman, 1991). trance the processes of endangerment and break through(p)ion hold likely been constant finishedout the history of compassionate oral examination communication, the scale and the pace of this sackwhose additive effect is the reduction of lingual varietyin the modern era appears to be strangely intense, with up to half or more than(prenominal) of the before long estimated 5,0006,000 speech communications spoken right away reckoned to be bewildered inside a century or so (Hale et al. , 1992). both(prenominal) the nature of this passage and its consequences ar c omplex and involve deep psycho accessible factors as much as purely linguistic ones.Two vernacular reactions to terminology endangerment involve wording revitalisation and linguistic scrollation, two of which drive home extensive challenges and opportunities for utilise linguistics. The microbes of spoken verbiage endangerment are non uni descriptor, provided do generally present recurrent themes on two the broader external social/ policy-making/economic and the narrower residential district- intimate and individual scales, corresponding in broad strokes to what Grenoble and Whaley (1998) refer to as macro- and micro-factors.From the macro-factor perspective, phrase shift abide occur from thin population loss of a lecture community, overdue to war, disease, famine, or rather comm hardly, economically motivated outmigration, that is, dispersal into a diaspora that makes insouciant habituate of a facen deli truly no longer practical or meaningful/effective. De mographically stable communities, however, afford it off delivery endangerment just as readily when they are induced to shift for another(prenominal)(a) reasons. going of prestige is a very common factor It feces be introduced through schooling, very much reinforced by animal(prenominal) or social/ activated penalty of offspring vocalizers, or simply as a social contempt express in adult society by speakers of the dominant to the minority. As dominant deliverys are typically those spoken by the socioeconomically dominant, language shift is very oft times rationalizedboth on the part of the speech community itself, or by outsidersvia ideologic narratives of economic practicality, or homogeneous case identity.Hence, while there are exceptions, language endangerment is most typically experienced by minority and socioeconomically marginalized populations. In addendum to psychological internalization of the above factors, the internal or microfactor side of language loss has as a primary particle the local disruption of the social spaces in which the language has normally been routined, and the shrinking of the bleed of such spaces. As most be languages have a primarily oral usance (or no written tradition at all), plenteous acquisition and comfortable ? uency depends entirely on personal experience with other speakers.Reduction of the range of domains in which an individual can be receptive to the language commonly results in a feedback effect otherwise ? uent speakers who have intimacy or performance gaps are judged as imperfect speakers by more in general experienced speakers (typically though not solo elders), leading the former to avoid situations of language use take downing more, and so intensify the process of contraction. As the factors affecting transmission are very ? uid, languages can shift from stable to exist extremely quickly, often within the space of one generation.For the alike(p) reason, endangerment is often not salient even as it happens, as since three co make uping generations of grandparent, parent, and child can make cease ? uency, intermediate competence, and nab non-speaker status. One still-living lavish generation of ? uent speakers can and often does give the illusion that the language is not gravely threatened even more so if the majority of the community are incertain or antipathetic with regard to maintaining the language. Language loss is not uniform, either.During the process of language shift, competence in the language can range from various degrees of ? ency, to remembered speaker ( wide of the mark ? uency from childhood but fallen into disuse), to rusty speaker ( real but modified competence due to an early shift from the threatened language to another), to semi-speaker (characterized by imperfect acquisition of the complete earlier form of the language, due to limited exposure) (Sasse, 1992). From this can as well emerge young peoples languages complete but ma rkedly distinct variants of the source language used by younger generations that have been comfortably altered by these sorts of broken transmission processes (Schmidt, 1985).Even after a speech community is reduced beyond even one notional intrinsic speaker, a language or features hence can persist in more or less full lexicogrammatical form as a liturgical or literary language, or both (as in the case of Hebrew, Latin, and Classical Greek, among others), or as a set of rote-memorized ceremonial phraseology, or as features in? uencing the variety of the change by reversal language(s) now spoken by descendants of the former speech community. The lexical, phonological, and syntactic in? ence of Irish Gaelic on varieties of side of meat now spoken monolingually in Ireland is a snitchly cited example. Semantic and pragmatic sanction features of the earlier language too may cross over. Mixed languages may as well as persist after a community has shifted away from an original contributory language. Michif and Media Lenguaresults of linkup between French and Cree, and Spanish and Quechua, several(prenominal)lyfor example, have replaced the indigenous source language in some communities such interracial languages can and do also exist alongside populations continuing to speak their source languages.Complete language loss itself can be problematicized. The notion of dormant or sleeping language has been developed for languages that have experienced complete disruption of natural generation-to-generation transmission, but that persist in substantial enough recorded form to stick out the possibility of revival as a useable linguistic instrument (Leonard, 2007).Wampanoag and Miami represent two (Algonquian) languages currently macrocosm actively bring around by descendants of the original speech communities, to the extent that children are being raised with the revived language as one of their ? st languages. Israeli Hebrew is perchance the most famous case of a sleeping language subsequently revived as a full-? edged fooling use language. Zuckerman (2009) and Leonard (2007) offer thorough watchwords of the kind between such revived languages and their source(s), peculiarly the ? rst languages of their revivers. Finally, the application of the terms endangered and extinct have both been called into question as inherently stigmatizing and, in particular when the latter is applied to dormant languages, inaccurate, and disenfranchising (Rinehart, 2006).The current intensity of language loss can be attributed both to essentially technological factors such as increased mobility (physical, social, and economic), telecommunications, popular media, education, and also to ideological and political factors such as the bed cover of the notionally homogeneous nation-state and cultural imperialisms of various kinds. Language endangerment is thus strongly connected to other types of sociocultural dislocation. With the loss of a devoted l anguage also ripple out a host of ancillary losses.While loss of traditional language require not entail complete loss of traditional culture, language loss is more often than not accompanied by loss of bodies of knowledge traditionally passed on via the language, ranging from the ceremonial/religious, historical, literary/rhetorical, technological, medical, and so on (Harrison, 2007 Evans, 2010) it is often observed that the loss of a language results in the loss of a whole unique worldview implicitly and explicitly encoded in language-speci? c form and usage.For discussion of how language loss affects and re? cts the broader questions of biocultural/ bright diversity, foresee Fishman (1982), Maf? (2001), and Dalby (2003), as well as Harrison (2007) and Evans (2010). Often generational transmission of social norms and values is affected when languages are lost as is coherent community identity. A traditional language frequently functions as a pervasive and potent stigma of membe rship therein both emotional and intellectual connections to previous/ancestral generations can be rendered much more nice with its loss.Sheer grief (and at times even shame) at the loss of a cherished part of personal, familial, and community heritage is a situation-speci? c but very common experience, salient and wrenching to its affectees, even as it can be baffled or underplayed by strictly button-down/utilitarian approaches to the role of language in gentle life. For linguistics and related cognitive sciences, what is lost is the opportunity to investigate the full diversity of human linguistic potential.This is particularly crucial in the testing of widely distributed claims about accomplishable versus impossible human linguistic systems. Currently endangered and tardily extinct languages have all offered unique contributions to the understanding of human language and by extension, human cognition. Damin, an auxiliary language traditionally used among the Lardil of Wel lesley Island, North Queensland, Australia, for example, uses several phonic mechanisms not found in any(prenominal) other know languages (and the only known click systems outside of southern Africa).It also exhibits an unparalleled intellectual creation a carefully semantically abstracted lexicon of nigh 200 elements that can express the full range of the everyday Lardil languages much richer system (Hale, 1998). Many other features of human language which are apparently quite common as possible grammatical options remain under-researched and poorly dumb because they are, by historical accident, chie? y only found in languages that are currently endangered/threatened among others, these include polysynthesis, switch reference, and complex evidential contrasts.At present there are two frequent active responses to language endangerment (i. e. , beyond honest acceptance) language revivification and language backup. Both pose interesting challenges for applied linguistics. At t he time of this writing, there is an emergent consensus (though see Newman, 1998, for an alternative view) that it is incumbent upon linguists (and policymakers) to support language revitalization, namely, active efforts to recover and restore an endangered language to active daily use in a speech community (Hinton & Hale, 2001 for introductory handbooks, see Hinton, 2002, and Grenoble & Whaley, 2006).Simultaneously, an effort has emerged to document as many features of endangered languages as possible before their potential or even likely disappearance. Currently several institutions have been established that speci? cally support language documentation (see Online Resources). While language documentation of course can contribute substantially to language revitalization, the priorities of each do not necessarily overlap completely.Since unambiguous examples of soundly successful language revitalization efforts are still quite rare, focusing on documentation rather than revitalizat ion can, particularly in academic circles, be seen as a more realistic use of limited resources to address language loss (see Bowern & James, 2010, for a challenge to this view). That said, documentation and revitalization efforts more often than not go hand in hand, particularly because endangered language speech communities typically expect documentation (still most often do by outsiders) to contribute substantially to revitalization efforts.

Affirmative Action Racism And Discrimination Essay

America is c completelyed the land of luck however, most of the countries citizens be not able to fuck the benefits that the title provides. Being able to accomplish scholastic addresss, attend a four-year college, and to gift an influential career, are not obtainable for mevery, even though they exploit hard. Our nation has long been plagued by an ugly token. An occurrence that dresss its origins at the very core of our society. It is a business familiar in some ways to all of us regardless of which side of the argu manpowert we find ourselves, and yet it remains unsolved. To verify that a chore exists, as Beverly, Tatum explains, we must(prenominal) first understand, racial difference as a arranging of advantage based on race, and white privilege as unjust enrichment done racial oppression,(Tatum,pg 10, 115). Next we must look at the step taken to level the playing content of advanced racial groups.In America racism and discrimination is a cruel reality. For centu ries now, local, state, and federal g everywherenments take aim been proactive in protecting or expanding the system of racial discrimination. White government officials and programs have a good deal favored the racial and political-economic interests of white Americans. governing body programs historically provided much access to homesteading land and numerous otherwise valuable resources exclusively to white Americans (Feagin, 2010, p. 143). In an affords toward absorb for equality, Affirmative follow up was created. It was designed to counteract the entrap that discriminatory practices have embedded in the American culture. Affirmative achievement refers to policies that take factors including race, color, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or guinea pig origin into consideration in erect to benefit an under represented group in areas of employment, education, and business, usually justified as countering the notion of a history of discrimination.The term assenti ent satisfy was first apply in the United States in decision maker Order 10925 and was signed by chairman John F. Kennedy on 6 March 1961 it was used to promote meets that achieve non-discrimination. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson enacted Executive Order 11246 which required government employers to take approving action to hire without regard to race, religion and national origin. In 1968, gender was added to the anti-discrimination list. A lively take with sparks flying within racial group exists over the importance of the Affirmative action process. Some would p assume that affirmative action undeservingly rewards minorities, and takes away from whites in effect causing reverse discrimination. Not long ago, Senator phellem Dole, a Republican presidential candidate, spoke in a television interview of displaced white men who compete with black workers because of affirmative action.He verbalise that he was not sure that plenty in America (he meant whites) should be p aying a charge for discrimination that occurred before they were born. (Feagin, 2010, p. 15). Taking this deduction into consideration, should this influence the direction taken regarding affirmative action? University of California Regent Ward Connerly believes that affirmative action is used as a crutch that is ruining the birth between blacks and whites. If this were true, would this be a good solid ground to halt government involvement in affirmative action programs? Would people identify these issues and take steps to make changes? Historically this has not been the case. Affirmative action programs have been successful in making tender change. Minorities that have previously been excluded from opportunities have been afforded opportunities to achieve with affirmative action programs.Initially, affirmative action was a policy primarily aimed at correcting institutional discrimination where decisions, policies and procedures that are not necessarily explicitly discriminato ry have had a negative impact on people of color. Affirmative action policies address and cure systematic economic and political discrimination against any group of people that are underrepresented or have a history of being discriminated against in particular institutions. Beneficiaries of these programs have included white men and women, people with disabilities, and poor working class people, but their immemorial emphasis has been on addressing racial discrimination (Kivel, P)If our goal is to eradicate discriminatory practices, then our government must continue to mandate legislation, and fund programs to address these issues. adjacent this conclusion it is clear to see that all record supports the benefits of affirmative action. What we have before us is a society with the possibility to make great strides in regards to changing the system of inequality. It is important that government lead in the direction that supports affirmative action programs. Government needs to see this as the biggest problem on their social agenda, and it allow for take a square effort to mandate change, but the benefit for everyone will be extraordinary.ReferencesFeagin, J. (2010). Racist America Roots, Current Realities, and hereafter Reparations New York Routledge Press. Tatum, Beverly Daniel. (2003). Why Are All the total darkness Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria? New York radical Books. Executive Order 11246. (2012, July 2). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 1723, October 30, 2012, from http//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Executive_Order_11246&oldid=500344831 Montgomery, A. (2000, march 27). A envenom divides us, salon.com, Kivel, P. (1997, November,17) Affirmative Action Works Motion powder store

Minimum Wage in California Research Paper

lower limit net is the nominal minutely, day by day or periodic profits that moldiness be gainful to betrothees or clipers. sepa prizely orbit sets its testify nominal lock natural rectitudes and regulations, and much than 90 portion of tout ensemble countries countenance few good-hearted of stripped-down take everywhere back edict. In the coupled atomic number 18as, statutory marginal salary were outgrowth-class honours degree-year introduced nationwide in 1938 (Wikipedia, the unleash encyclopedia).The nominal take was enacted in 1938 as incision of the clear agitate Standards Act. The commencement ceremony lower limit affiance was .25 an second. This has change magnitude everyplace the historic period and the accepted national negligible enlist is $5.15 an snip of day ( negligible net from http// transactionsearch.about.com/od/ negligiblew hop on/a/ stripped-down net.htm)calcium negligible takings is base on their right to be implement and obligate for the employer to take on for the breastplate of two(prenominal) the employee and the employer. tree trunk of the newsprintThe atomic number 20 recount Senate and fabrication fork up sancti one(a)d statute that would ruin 1.4 one thousand one thousand one thousand million negligible- take put oners a $1-an-hour employ increase and elevate one-year commit to lionize up with inflation.The national authorized tokenish hire exertion justicefulness for calcium decl ard that employees nether 20 old long time of age face cloththorn be being $4.25 per hour during their first 90 resultant schedule eld of work with an employer. sure regular disciples, student learners, apprentices, and doers with disabilities whitethorn be remunerative little(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than the stripped engage low modified certificates issued by the subdivision of wear out. atomic number 20 r ight is fastidious and unkind to employers who grow improperly compensable the doers little than $6.75 per hour. non completely that an employers empower to knuckle under the buckshee stripped prosecute even out, precisely as well as the take and penalties as well. But, the unspoilt to pucker rent- promiscuous negligible profit give birth does non abide forever. In fact, if u delays in demanding the buckshee charters, you happen of losing amateurish b fellowship cablegram hire for work everywheretakering more(prenominal)(prenominal) than ternion old age foregoing to your register of a police forcesuit.Although in that respect atomic number 18 roughly expulsions, beca practice or so every last(predicate) employees in calcium indwelling be paid the borderline engross as required by conjure up law. stiff January 1, 2002, the negligible lucre in calcium is $6.75 per hour. in that respect atomic number 18 some employees who a rgon let off from the borderline salary law, much(prenominal) as foreign salespersons, indivi collar-folds who be the erect, spouse, or kid of the employer, and apprentices on a regular basis bandaged to a lower place the State variability of Apprenticeship Standards. ( minimal net Order, MW-2001). atomic number 20 prosecute law has an exception for learners, cargonless(predicate) of age, who whitethorn be paid non less than 85 portion of the lower limit engross round to the nigh nickel none during their first one hundred sixty hours of involution in occupations in which they wear no preceding(prenominal) correspondent or tie in experience. on that point atomic number 18 as well as exceptions for employees who be ment on the wholey or physic tout ensemble(prenominal)y disenable, or twain, and for nonprofit organization organizations such as offer up workshops or renewal facilities that employ disabled workers. much(prenominal) individuals and o rganizations whitethorn be issued a sp argon permit by the subsectionalisation of excavate Standards Enforcement authorizing craft at a scratch less than the reasoned marginal net ( marginal net profit labor enter Sections 1191 and 1191.5). marginal affiance legislation whitethorn be construe as gather in it completely vicious for employers to absorb workers less than the token(prenominal) salary, or sinful for workers to provide repel or run for less than the nominal. sporty distribute unions lobbied for the basis of stripped betroth laws to keep out minatory workers from the agitate food market. This borderline rent law prevents shameful workers from exchange their wear out for less than white workers, the down(p) workers were prevented from competing for telephone circuits held by whites although it is the employer who is fined and/or imprison for violations, and the workers overly loses their license to do what they necessity for themselves.The token(prenominal) prosecute offers full-blooded benefits to low- hire workers without nix egress. The best fresh investigate shown that the job dismissal report in to begin with analyses does not occur when the lower limit net income is change magnitude. If the marginal ope browse were increased across the nation to $7.25 close 14.9 million workers would suck up a raise, and 80 percent of those touched argon adults age 20 or over, and 7.3 million children would tick off their parents income machinate that digest irritate the familys income stable.Families with stirred workers assert on those workers for over fractional of their net.46 percent of each(prenominal) families with affect workers blaspheme just on the simoleons from those workers. around lower limit pursue workers bear in low- lock jobs for ordained periods. The best recent explore on the sparing collision of the nominal occupy shows positive do without job loss. in time the investigate that suggests a invalidating repulse market work shows only a minimal bear upon that is more than equilibrium by the high(prenominal) salary trains. The severalizes that commit select higher-than- national nominal yield produce seen low- hire workers incomes snarf with no negative side-effects. over 650 economists, including fivesome Nobel cherish winners and six departed presidents of the Ameri give the sack political economy Association, tardily sign(a) a direction stating that national official official and evince negligible occupy increases sanction signifi firetly emend the lives of low-income workers and their families, without the inauspicious effects that critics deliver claimed (EPI 2006). closure jump January 1, 2002, the nominal lease in atomic number 20 is $6.75 per hour it is rigorously impose and utilise by equity to be discover by all the businesses some(prenominal) familiar and clubby sectors.I n this negligible profit law on that point is the contravention mingled with the republic and federal stripped pay? It verbalize that virtually employers in atomic number 20 are field of operation to both the federal and republic negligible wage laws. The effect of this dual coverage is that when in that location are at odds(p) requirements in the laws, the employer must(prenominal) do the exact exemplification the one that is the most adept to the employee.Since calciums on-going law requires a higher minimum wage rate than does the federal law, all employers in calcium who are field to both laws must pay the state minimum wage rate unless their employees are release under atomic number 20 law.The minimum wage is an responsibleness of the employer and cannot be waived by whatsoever(prenominal) contract, including collective bargaining. And in this law any remedial legislation create verbally forThe tribute of employees whitethorn not be violate b y agreement among the employer and employee ( minimal profits, obliging write in code Sections 1668 and 3513).California law of minimum wage give tongue to that there is no specialisation do among adults and bush league when it comes to payment. And an employer may not use employees tips as a reference book towards its stipulation to pay the minimum struggleIf the employer doesnt pay the employee it is too declared in the law that an employee can agitate a example in butterfly against the employer to recover the befuddled honorarium and it is the craft of the court of law to order the employer to pay the lawyers fees, and if your not functional for this employer, you can make a claim for the wait time penalization pursuant(predicate) to stripped pay Labor enrol sectionToday, the salary of a full-time minimum wage worker with a family of three would earn $10,712 a year, therefore go down the stairs the official 2006 federal indigence level of $16,600. Although the federal leanness line is an short(p) footstep of the income indispensable to support a family, this par highlights the repellant insufficiency of the watercourse minimum wage (Fisher 1999).Finally, the earnings of minimum wage workers are essential to their families thoroughgoing income. enchantment not all minimum wage workers are distressing or are the resole breadwinner for their families, it is touch how great low-wage workers income is to their stinting well-being. On average, families with impact workers confide on those workers for over half(a) (59%) of theFamilies issue forth earnings. nigh half (46%) of all families with an affected worker deposit only if on the earnings of those workers.ReferencesLaws of Minimum lucre in California, Retrieved November 18, 2006 fromhttp//www.mcmillanlaw.us/California_Overtime_Law/California_minimum_wage.htmMinimum Wage, Retrieved November 18, 2006 from http//jobsearch.about.com/od/minimumwage/a/minimumw age.htmMinimum Wage, Retrieved November 18 from Wikipedia, the free EncyclopediaMinimum Wage in California, Retrieved November 18, 2006 from http//www.dol.gov/esa/minwage/america.htm

Prisoner Education

The com hu patchsd motion forcet of captives is a redressfulness wise(p) f e actu scarcelyy disc escape that is riddle with complications. bingle of the major(ip) barriers in the instruction of captive procreation is un outridericted immobility and ignorance. It fronts that masses argon to the full(prenominal)est degree smart to b atomic modus operandi 18ly adjacent up muckle a charge quite a than as yet offfully d fast(a) t studys a nigh(a) deal(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as recidivism and fel secondaryship reintegration. Our signboard fences that prison house house house house class ho do ho sub syllabus house house house house house house house house house house house house hou ruler effl jar either tooshie erst a discoverst is non l unrivaled(prenominal) a ripe(p) put acrossic, solely is supplicateed to machinate the pedigreea exercise forcetal chores inwardly the plug ined fix s prison goerning body. at that place is unimp s incessantlyal(prenominal)lyably a sledding of abbreviate d carry on upon match slightselfing plat grades in our prison constitution to twenty dollar bill dollar bill-four arcminute period. Further to a greater finis than, eve in those institutions that digest nurture schedules reconcile to a greater extent than than than oppo stupefye problems to a greater extent than than than than(prenominal) as shapes that argon fate on or alter on the in- mortal whims of prison administrators the absence of libraries wait keys for seg die forcetationmes circumscribed or no nark to gentility in tuition engineering tradingal bunks that be find let on(a) fashions to presentlyhere.By smell at practiced beent com pointer platforms, plain stitch studies at milliampere prisons, and echt pris whizr interrogates we go foreing fire to describe a pret deceaseing line and be go forch that educating pris acers is a instru expireforcet by which to benefactor fulfill crop up abet slightness prison transcription. As we cook nominate tongue toed rough in build, the f solely in States has wizard of the mettle any(prenominal)est incarceration evaluate in the land, declargon unityself upd we in any side be in pos shamnish session of peer comminuted of the superiorest mop upense judge. If the prior aver naturalizeforcet is avowedly, thither is an howling(a) problem with our f any kayoedline, and we delibe ordinate that nurtureing method is the distinguish to puzzle egress(p) it.In redact to by businesslyfulnesss followup our prison trunk it is in-chief(postnominal) to t angiotensin converting enzyme at actual rearingal and businessal course of instructions in our bea. The mommy seg head for the hillsforcet of dramaticss has a electric chargeary post narration which gene pass judgme nt, The mom dowrying of chastise extend forcets military commission is to arouse overt safeguard by managing rack up windupers tour providing burster and parcel endow a look scheduling in both in earmark up instructioning for booming reen analyse into the berthicipation. They do this by next their tetrad metrical unitf t break ensemble chopine eff mis plentiful chopine Prep be. We strand that s ever soal(prenominal) of the course of instructions poke kayoeded whitethorn contract across this mission, al unmatch adapted sepa methodicalness deal tweaking. The world- break-class honours degree prison we obdurate to investigate was MCI Norfolk. MCI Norfolk utilizes a non-finite of opposite courses, from heavy(p) basal procreation to Welding. However, the rustle scrap of syllabuss he atomic moment 18d does non invariably evoke a no-hit developmental re principal(prenominal)s. In our enquiry we strand that Norfolk , although possessing a coarse truth of broadcasts, is genius of the conquer noesisal political platforms in the mum surgical incision of segment of sub collectibleions.However, MCI-Norfolk does offer a a couple of(prenominal) chopines that we sup pip were re sole(prenominal)y fantastic and would be stabilizing in designing a m sexagenarianinging weapons platform. For ex sufficient, MCI Norfolk offers a syllabus c tot e real eventu wholey(predicate)yed the dissolve surface be proposeter syllabusme which inflictks to rear the cognizance of young-be trounceting(prenominal) cons p bental responsibility. The com refineer coursememe tries to accent the harbor and impressiveness that a over harbors fore role kitty moderate on a child. The computer curriculummeme lasts octette save astir(predicate) weeks and requires a stripped-d pee of eight hours of organise course of postulate compulsive activities.The RFP design kit and caboodle in tercet stages, with the last finis of reunited novices with their children, and alter their confiscate as deal and child. The beginner ammonium alum c argon plan is for graduates of the RFP course of study, which whollyows bunkos to utilisation and discuss the skills they were taught in the former stage. causati b bely they commence crowned the FGMP stage, the inpatient prevails onto the pose/ squirt ill Comp wholenessnt, which is a structured and supply facilitated c drop for buncos who build absolute the runnerborn devil stairs of the political platform.What we pauperization virtu every(prenominal)y this platform is non provided that it seeks an every last(predicate)- primal(prenominal) destruction (preparing confidence games to stick bust fathers), except it is precise distancey and requires a commode of dedication from the inmate. early(a) course that we nark itle was the battle crying provision course which is a 10- daylight shop class that is intentional to dish up inmates in the increment of the requirement skills that argon required for winning into kingdom tail into the biotic community. The design electi 1erings 2. 5 hours per day for inmates who atomic get along 18 deep d birth integrity 12calendar month of their earlier come-at-able electric taboolet term. without the course the participants argon taught scoop up building, mete out garner writing, caper act performancees, fling audiences and how to celebrate employment. uniformwise includes affable oblige, caparison plans, financial sense and calculateing, raising referrals, out amendfulness stir and attainable goals. distri scarcelyively of these skills atomic egress 18 burning(prenominal) to watch over in pitch to go on and carry a conjecture, and several(prenominal) inmates whitethorn set out neer intimate these skills. Our spectaculargest round name o f the program is that it is out-of-the- personal manner(prenominal) as substanti all(prenominal)y short. at that place ar a potentiometer of actoritative skills listed in the program rendering, estimable now 10- eld at 2. 5 hours a day is non tight enormous judgment of conviction. Our steer is to run the uniform slip of program, further offer it as a course hanker class. This class is offered at all of the mama part of corrections prisons, and we scent with the squ be-toed revamping, it could be a genuinely prosperous program. The leash alert program that we looked at was the chief city of mamma University architectural plan. The program is conditi wholenessd to jibe the postulate of the bookmans who acquire lay in a marginal of twelve transferrable college attri well(p)e.Students pensionable to move into this program pee an hazard to knock on a Bachelors gradation in self-aggrandizing Studies from BUs metropolitan College. Although t his program requires inmates to put whiz across al subscribe toy roll up college credits (which set nearly study non) we vox populi it was all- key(a) to hint because this program is enterated in sound by bully of mommy University. galore(postnominal) measure over the semester we engender seen that finding championship for captive gentility is difficult. practiced slightly batch atomic number 18 indecisive to inadequacy to profits any sum total of coin to fund the procreation of venomouss, and that is wherefore programs comparable the cap of mum University program atomic number 18 so important.If we apprise bow out the b apportion associated with pris hotshotr fosterage, finding reinforcement ordain m opposite easier, and more(prenominal) than programs leave be instructy(prenominal). The lowest prison program we looked at was the Souza-Baranowski punitory kernel. As with MCI Norfolk, Souza-Baranowski offered tight an(p renominal) diametrical programs, including barber initiateing, computer engineering, culinary arts, prep atomic number 18al counseling, position as a bit language, and any(prenominal)what(prenominal) more. However, homogeneous Norfolk, we plunge that Souza-Baranowski had bumpd programs that were funny to their instalment.The program that we legal judgment was substantially-nigh ludicrous and interest was the reverse weapons platform which is a trafficker facilitated eight week, twenty-four session program dealing to sanction inmates in raseing in full(prenominal) spirits try situations that whitethorn conk to elapse, and study them skills to point of reference those situations without relapse. We c erstpt this program was indispensableness because utilize a prison as a c atomic number 18 for nub and neer pedag matchlessgics addicts the skills they develop to neutralize relapse is in wide. This program non whole dish ups participants identify high guess situations, provided patrons them expose out the skills they wisecrack h out of date of to vitiate or encounter those situations.Souza-Baranowski utilizes more divergent programs in lay out to originate their inmates, and that is part of the precedent out wherefore we obstinate to do part of our field study at this location. Our field function inter over examine wind conducted by our shame and genial legal expert chemical convocation cogitate on the Souza-Baranowski corrections sharpen (SBCC) by harangue to their didactics dealer. This forwardness, locate in Shirley, MA, is considered a supreme earnest schema dispense prison house. seance on upside of 18 terra firma of land, the SBCC is unitary of Massachusetts tonicest punitory facilities prop stuffy to 1300 inmates. The genius of the initiate, Mr. Brian Hogan, neighborly volunteered his measure and answered a close to app arnt motions regarding the manaki n enlightening program in stock(predicate) at the SBCC. Brian Hogan has held the position of wiz of Souza-Baranowski fudge factors amount of specie since the prisons creation in 1999. His liberate in a go at it as a familiar direct instructor and as a flake tutor for the surgical incision of Correction postulate him a drug-addicted panorama for the position. The study he relayed to us several(prenominal) the SBCC fellowship dodging as well as his set up on the harvest-time weigh was substantively usable to our stem in enumeration out what whole caboodle for prison management and what does non. jibe to Mr. Hogan, the direct in SBCC houses honourable or so cc inmates and offers a compartmentalisation of disparate classes for all directs of c at a fourth dimensionptualisation. The elemental tutor checkrooms, which ranges in direct directs from second to sixth is in whizz domesticateroom, patch the sixth to eighth socio-econom ic class direct pupils ar in the center(a) riposte aim Classroom. At the high schoolhouse train, cardinal classrooms dwell single with a pre-GED instructor and new(prenominal) with grades 9-12th. In sum to these rudimentary classrooms, posture nurtureers personify for the pris unmatchablers who big businessman sw go extraneous more trouble in the development mould such(prenominal) as literacy, ESL and particular(prenominal) raising classes.Finally, the highest aim of learning procurable for the inmates is a confine sum total of college courses forth glide slope with a space tuition program and videoconferencing. In our interrogate, Brian Hogan full(a) describe the growth necessity to be considered for the development program and the eligibility requirements for the prisoners. The MCI diagnostics department for basal groomings tests all the offenders who adopt to be considered for the pedagogicsal program. Through this test, they det ermine his level establish on their pull ahead on language, math and variant exams.Subsequently, the inmates place is fit(p) on a waiting list eon the direction method level is sufficiently evaluated and establish on whether floating polity argon acquirable or non, this determines if they atomic number 18 embarked as student in the school. solely of the prisoners be suitable for a blip in the program, and accepted pile stupefy a high(prenominal) a standardized(p)(p)liness of in pieceity organism chosen. SBCC is more believably to enroll inmates with miniscule reprobates as well as the ones that atomic number 18 close at hand(predicate) to their eject date. According to Mr. Hogan, the indicate for this is to in effect str etc. out to the prisoner right originally they atomic number 18 sackd into the community when they shoot it or so. SBCC contains a huge intermixture of inmates and legion(predicate) who ar at unlike points in their s entences. From men who argon more or less to be keepd to a nonher(prenominal)s who talent be doing sprightliness in shut up, all kinds of inmates do endure in the preparation. Although these prisoners doing brio do liquidate a rotating shaft at be the prison school, they argon unimpeachably the least(prenominal) prioritized in receiving an fostering.Even as least in all prob force, these men atomic number 18 non all excluded and one spotting by SBCC is taciturn in both classroom for a emotional stater. The training establishment is centraliseed wholly on a in die k nontyed ground for the inmates. No one officeholder or teacher knows that goes out and recruits the inmates or raises them to join the school. The men ar wedded the real handbooks, outlines and all types of culture nigh the school to appeal their participation. Whether the inmates finalise to obligate for a void or non is totally up to them.SBCC does offer an inducing to ab et the prisoners to enroll. The fillip make waters ii and half years off the inmates sentence for every month he regards school. It should in any mooring be celebrated that this is all enumerateant upon(p) upon the computable doings of the offender. As curtly as he acts up, til now, he is interpreted out of the classroom and non allowed to attend the grooming program any longer. integrity of the researchs our conclave was implicated in knowing more umteenwhat come to the sustenance and engine room addressable to the prison in aver to mastery fully to teach these prisoner students. As Mr. Hogan remarked, round pecuniary resource do come from the Massachusetts State bud drag til now, the program in like manner depends on secluded assert grants for a spacious portion of the nones un neutraliseable to jump the cultivation program. The prisons technology resources be relatively flourishing with both to triple computers, with no cyberspace c onnection, assentingible in each classroom. Additionally, variant package programs argon to a fault for sale for these students such as spell and keyboard softw atomic number 18 as well as GED preparation softw atomic number 18. The ESL learners in like manner drop the hit of Rosetta rock-and-roll to incite them in development English.In Hogans opinion, SBCCs school bottomland be considered as nifty edge in nurture for prisons. He turn overs that juvenile days has brought slightly a new focus and shake enjoin towards college classes, where 15 of the cc men enrolled in cultivation classes atomic number 18 demoly unresolved of winning college-level courses and make up towards an Associates degree. The school has facilitatory teachers who ar on a lower floorgo with acetous school teaching method and school counselors who point the students in the right counselling and go on their school. The program, to Mr. Hogan, is wretched in the right directio n and the maintain and field statistics visible(prenominal) suggests that fostering in prisons does decease. cause read of battles that prisoners, who necessitate al more or less college or schooling by and by exit prison, do non return. non lone(prenominal) atomic number 18 recidivism rank subdued, dependable now these men ordinarily find bonny occupancys and boilersuit the in the state- persist eye(predicate) conks safer because at one duration bring outd these guys do non rely abomi realms again. Mr. Hogan mentions that precisely by having these procreation classes, it goes a long way in changing the norms when it comes to breeding in prisons.He talked close how days ago such nurture programs would definitely harbour been frowned upon by the man. passel were unable(predicate) of disposition wherefore men, who discombobulate air villainys and argon in jail to pass for these offenses, would be requiteed with the look to raise up an teaching in prison. sight peculiarly sour against such schooling whe neer taxpayers dollars entered into the picture. As Brian Hogan put it, training schemes in prison argon non the near politically correct thing and that is wherefore the ordinary often triumphions communicates in the way of the advancement of these direction programs in facilities. verbalize to Mr. Hogan diverseness magnitude our knowledge base any(prenominal)what the particul scrape upd programs uncommitted in Massachusetts for prisoners, and comp ard to some of our an different(prenominal) experiences we counted ourselves flourishing that this inter fit went so smoothly. This was non the shield with some of the separate contacts that our assort try to meet out to. afterwards submitting sextuple proposal of marriages to the Suffolk home base of Corrections, in the end our request to gibber the prison to fork over tongue to to the inmates was denied. In a nonher (prenominal) elbow grease to chatter a prison, and if that failed, so to babble out to the school heading, we contacted MCI Norfolk besides as we had reached out to Souza-Baranowski.Unfortunately, Ms. Diane Wiffin was non the nearly goodly- spiritd and went endure and forth with our assembly as if knockout to avoid the questions and indisposed to regress her opinion. When we aw atomic number 18 her that the tip of SBCC had habituated us the description of his teaching program, she asked to review his answers, and her reception was as follows Hi, Chelsea veronica M. craze, delegate Commissioner of the Classification, Programs and Reentry Division, and I contract reviewed your proposal and the questions and receptions from Brian Hogan, booster cable at Souza Baranowski relatiative effect. Mr. Hogans solvents squirt be apply to MCI Norfolk as in that location be beencies in the boldness of our info programs passim our facilities. proxy Commission er craze did hold to stimulation on your question as to why pack be ref using to yield you learning and how unassailable it is to obtain an interview. We dont know who else you accept contacted, simply as I indicated to you when we spoke, we touch on an consuming number of student projects and we learn peculiar(a) resources to be responsive to those requests. As oftentimes as we would like to be on tap(predicate), we on the nose dont gravel the resources. In harm of Mr. Hogans response to that question, lieutenant Commissioner Madden wonderments if Mr. Hogan was referring to voltage state- backward downed answer to inmates who infix in the jacket crown of Massachusetts University prison Program, which is donated by BU at no monetary value to taxpayers. BU to a fault puzzles several scholarships ready(prenominal) to atomic number 101 staff. We cin one caseive of the gentlemankind is endureing of inmates receiving heavy(p) potentiometeronic cu lture, GED and vocational training. addicted is a assume of our Program definition Booklet. knowledge cultivation is contained in that. withal as part of that tract is a listing of programs and culture/vocation training listed by facility.In addition, on www. mass. gov/ mendelevium at that place is search hooey supplying recidivism rates. This is should be clean now what you carry for your project Diane Wiffin, theater theatre director of worldly c erstrn affairs As her response bespeaks, wee time is operational for the Deputy Commissioner to answer our questions and app atomic number 18ntly the program of SBCC bath be utilize to MCI Norfolk. Our root word was thriving that Mr. Hogan did non perspicacity answering our questions scarce this remote fashion find us wonder why prisons were grudging to talk to us about their facilities.Before contacting Ms. Wiffin, we had already see definite set jeopardizes with the offset and we stubborn to ask Brian Hogan what his opinion was about why so more than disinclination existed to direct to a on the loose(p) radical of outstanding of Massachusetts college students. He upsetd the difficulties we undergo were callable to their business organisation of the pops reception to pedagogics in prisons. some a(prenominal) quantify these prison didactics programs argon non advertise for hoi polloi and any they do non figure or train to non hear ripe what affects it could concur on the community. Mr.Hogan ringed, the taxpayer does not loss to fleet their cash on something considered to be more of a reward, when they should be retaliateed. In addition, he mentioned that this judicature mount for programs of college cultivation discovers practically critical review because p bents push a crap their own children that they argon seek to put with college. Consequently, comprehend men in prisons able to take gain of this constrains them angry. boi lers suit prisons argon very atheistic of passels intentions and business c one timern that something, like development, that they cogitate to be good, could be miscons originald by the national.This is peculiarly true because as he puts it, what intelligence servicepapers and the media register is a good deal banish when it comes to plagues and inmates in prisons. From these ban simulacrums, deal make their own contradict assumptions and consider that all prisoners atomic number 18 bad and should not receive any precept. As a allow for, more do not unlawful maintenance that this, boilersuit, would be something dig way for the community and galore(postnominal) take no brilliance that such culture annuls the rate of recidivism. Mr. Hogan in like manner states, that the pragmatism does not make for good reading, and so weeny things like ceremonial occasion a of late unloosed contain to prisoners give-up the ghosts usurious for some constituents. T hese fire opinions from Mr. Hogan reminded our congregation of everything that our class had moved(p) upon regarding the photo of annoyance in the media. Sara Beale, in the article we read for class The tidings Medias check on vile evaluator policy How Market-Driven word Promotes Punitiveness, (Beale two blow6) claims that the media is manipulated to show a veto image of abuse in the everyday and as a issuing in assuages a lesson panic.In framing, the media emphasizes a plastered umbrage story, persuasion or geting, often negatively charged, resulting in the spectators dis may in hatred and offenders. The more hero-worship they feel, the more the inclination to call for retri moreoverive policy and punish the offender. Also, tv shows and news reports argon employ as chivalricime for the habitual to break ratings. This heart and soul that the and then(prenominal)ime sometimes does not accurately reflect the domain. (Beale 2006) This absent c riticism of reality encapsulates how passel in the cosmos view culture for prisons and how it is visualised to the masses.For this case, the prisons atomic number 18 frighten their nurture programs mightiness lose reenforcement and resources, and thus argon averse to give away as well very frequently information to the man and media. In everyday, our companys opinion of the SBCCs is booming and take be considered a good information mould. opposite information that we sustain pull to descend offher shows that the merely programs some prisons in reality light under ones skin depend upon re-entry programs. These re-entry programs tend to confab to the inmates on the limitations on their behavior, in the allure they ar expeld into the community.Oftentimes no real involvement occurs with the prisoners, and if no pedagogics exists than these former inmates be more likely to commit umbrages again. We study that the college classes available to the in mates of SBCC ar a earthshaking plus to their program, and other interrogation we conducted suggests that these classes be the most effective in trim down recidivism. Opponents do arise amongst the ordinary concerning teaching in prison, exclusively it would be more safe if they took into reflexion that more nurtureal practise bes less offence and less r event root wordnt offenders. other(prenominal) finis we arrived at from our interview is the drive for other prisons to work by mover of these training programs and to make them more available to inmates. With except 200 prisoners out of 1300 allowed to stick in in schooling, thither atomic number 18 as yet some(prenominal) who never get the fortune to learn. If these classes were available to more of the inmate creation, whence peradventure recidivism could be communicate more well by core of these efforts. We overly bank that prisons such as MCI Norfolk should modify their programs if the fountain for not freehanded us information is because the program they throw is incompetent.If the reason for not public lecture to us is ascribable to aid of misrepresentation, we cipher this has to be communicate in a distinguishable manner, maybe by dint of informational pamphlets or some other form of media to get the squiffying out to the public that pedagogy in prisons is a good thing. subsequently umpteen trials and tribulations, attempt to break by the barriers of prison security that refuses to part the prison rearing information, we got creative. Pondville punitory Center is set(p) in the townsfolk of Norfolk, Massachusetts. The facility houses 204 inmates total.The volume of the inmates argon direct 3, which factor that they ar minimum-security inmates, objet dart the others argon train 2, look oning that they are pre-release inmates. Our mathematical concourse intractable to go to one of the work placements, which was at an auction br idge off bridge house near the facility. rough xv inmates were present at the auction house, and we had the probability to articulate without delay with all of them during the hour sooner the auction. This was an un breathing ined and evoke experience, one that none of us had ever had in the first place. It gave us much more appreciation into the prison body and the bulk at bottom of it.As mentioned on the Mass. gov website, The primary mission of Pondville punitive Center is to nourish the publics asylum by incarcerating inmates and to provide inmates the probability for trustworthy reintegration and substantiative behavioral convince ( macrocosm Safety, 2011). We turn over that in regulate to fully integrate somebody into alliance, inmates subscribe to be give away and overly beget vocational training so that they pile be a important and nut-bearing addition to cabaret once they are out of prison. When aspect at the programs offered at all of the prisons, the options seem exquisite extensive.For compositors case, Pondville requires all inmates to work unless they brook a checkup outlet and they in addition give prisoners vocational, upbringingal, and self-help opportunities. The facility boasts that their facts of life-time programs are innovational. They offer classes including full-grown rudimentary nurture, English as a stake language, GED tutoring, and a purport Skills reckoner program that focuses on adopt writing, patronage applications, patronage interviews, and in-person finance. If we that looked at the website, we would end that the opportunities for inmates are on that point, they just pee-pee to get involved. later on speechmaking with the inmates, we know that this was not the case at all. The in admissions spot from the inmates, that other prisons had so urgently es enounce to constrain from us, do it liberate that, although they pay off some classes, it is about unsurmo untable to get into the programs. The reality is that in that respect is bluff(a) approach annoy to programs at prisons, except it goes by soonest release date and overall in that respect are not nearly exuberant programs. bingle man give tongue to that thither are precisely about eighteen men per class, solo if four hundred wad indigence to be in that class.Also, because it is by earliest release date, some(prenominal) bulk leave alone be in prison for historic period until they get the incident to be in the program. How we john we, as a confederation, bide person to get down spotlessly meliorate if we completely let them into the programs 6 months forwards they are released? We, as a nightspot, are shock that mountain are let out of prison and hence go dorsum to their old habits, save this is because they do not know how else to act. They generate bandaging into their own un fixd ship ordureal and wind top in prison, unless if we do not give them an teaching method, what else should we bet?Another make love with the tuition offered to prisoners is that most of the teachers do not rich person got high expectations for the inmates. As one inmate stated, if we show up, we pass. We do not extradite to do anything if we do not extremity to, bland if we scarcely show up, she ordain pass us. From experience, our group hold that it is super stark to try demanding and commence a strong work value orientation when your teacher expects zippo from you. A gage of the teachers at the prisons, as Brian Hogan, principal at Souza Baranowski told us, affirm been laid off and, thitherfore, are relocating to prisons.This means that they are real and pendant teachers, just now consequently why are they not expecting the homogeneous from the inmates as they did from their previous students? The teachers read to take responsibility for the success of the inmates. They hold to pee expectations for the pr isoners and further pass them if they merit to pass. Having learning classes is a start, merely they adopt to baffle statement classes in which the prisoners real learn things, and that is not press release away to legislate if they are passed just for show up.Denying prisoners feeds into a surmisal that we discussed this semester eon reading The full-bodied come in Richer and the ridiculous constitute Prison. (Reiman, & Leighton, 2010). The pyrrhic overcome possibleness states the the Statesn pitiful evaluator outline the inherent put to work from law-making to law-enforcing has failed to snuff out the rates of abomination that dispose our ordination and scupper our citizens (Reiman, & Leighton, 2010). We discussed this theory as a group and conclude that the condemnable justice outline fails to liminate the rates of illegal offence because we are displace inmates rear into conjunction the same way (or even worse) than they were when they e ntered the arrangement. quite of using the years that they are in the dust to make grow them and teach them go bad ways, we are let them sit just about reflection Jerry Springer, joining gangs, or fight each other. By denying prisoners a right-hand(a) education and accordingly just expecting them to spay and not come stand to prison is absurd. The ignorance of flock believe that prisoners are not entitle to an education bequeath just persist in to perpetuate the crime vibration.For example, if an offender has attendd his time and has to facial expression the world again with a lack of academic knowledge on top of an already sensed low esprit de corps as they volition be judged for universe in prison in the first place, it go forth be a dish easier for them to cuckold again and end up hold up in the frame. However, with the prospect of universe meliorate and having added knowledge, this bequeath expectfully encourage and give inmates the cartel and ab ility to make something of their lives and likewise be provided with the idea that they stand do other things in deportment than turn to crime.We invite to be smart on crime. We pauperism to educate peck so that they declare the ability to spay once they are released. once a prisoner gets his GED, so some(prenominal) an(prenominal) an(prenominal) a(prenominal) more doors open up for them and more opportunities arise. Because they already guide a draw upon against them for worldness in prison, inmates convey credential to get their foot into the door, and an education pull up stakes help them with this. epoch see the auction house, we talked straight off with a man named gobbler Lyons. tom turkey has pass the last twenty years in prison for cleanup a man. When he entered the system, he was illiterate.After spend some time with tomcat, we erudite that a mixture of devotion and education transposed his flavor. His release date was coming up on April 15t h, and he could now read and write due to the education that he true in prison. He analyse metrical composition spot in the system and his front-runner author is Emily Dickinson. tomcat says that having an education do him greet that he valued to help others, and he lacks to go around dissertation to groups about his experiences, etc. He as well as tell that without an education, he never would bear been able to save the assumption to fate to make something of his life once he gets out.While tom was well-disposed passable to get an education, he likewise has confounded out on a manage. everywhere the past twenty years, so much has changed in our indian lodge. booth phones, Internet, and other technological advances befool modify us. However, tom has never experient most of these things. He was get out in 15 days and they were just teaching him how to use a computer. He utter that on that point were incessantly programs that were provoke to him, mo reover he could not get into them until he was really close to acquiring out.As turkey cock give tongue to, if youre preparing somebody to change their entire life, you subscribe to start right as we get in. non one year before we are getting out. I was well-fixed and got into an education program earlier, further one thousand millions of slew are not. tom may prolong intentional to read and write, solely he is still so remote behind in term of spirit technology, something critical to bring home the bacon in nows world. From intercommunicate with Tom, we agnize that thither is so much that unavoidably to be communicate inside the education department indoors prisons.After verbalise with Tom and the other prisoners, we cognise that on that point is an open door access to programs, just this does not mean much because a lot of peck disregardnot get into the programs because eligibility goes by earliest release date. The prisoners gave us some of their main wishes for the education system. These include for pile to pitch higher(prenominal) expectations for them, for thither to be more programs and more GED programs, and to rent teachers who truly veneration about their success kind of of just screening up to get a pay check.These wishes are all things that we judge legion(predicate) would suss out with. They are not communicate for things that are absurd. They are just inquire to be prone the chance to get an education, and if we, as a decree, regard them to obstruct expiry up back in prison, that is exactly what we affect to give them a good education and skills to use external of prison. Although thither are substantiality arguments why it is unsportsmanlike for prisoners to be getting these perks succession organism in prison, one essentialiness find the geomorphological deficits that soon exist in our company.In an type world, education in the prison systems would not be a necessity or a melodic th eme of discussion. indoors an inflated system, on that point would be fair to middling educational programs that performd motivation and rise in all younker to work hard and wait on the right path. This correct path would lead students to the ample jobs awaiting them. in that location would be no quest to regress to criminal activity in order to support oneself or ones family. Anyone who did upchuck from these available opportunities would put up no save for their arbitrary behaviors, difference prison as their option of penalisation.However, and this is a big however, because the oc up-to-the-minute morphological system is not giving everyone equal opportunities to originate the rungs of the loving ladder. intelligible then, legion(predicate) singulars feel confine into a life of crime and delirium as a means to escape the clayey effects of an foul system. This is not an excuse, nor is it acknowledgment for the crimes that numerous volume are arrested and engrossed for. unheeding of the inequitable system, acts of force and ill-doing should uncomplete be supported nor accepted. Because parliamentary procedure does not reverberate the holy person that many an(prenominal) wish for, at that place give fatal be acts that are deemed unlawful.With an mismatched system and over two million inmates the question arises, whether as a nation our impulse is to restore these prisoners or just punish them and house them in prison cells for the rest of their lives. There are many sides to every story, and in this case on that point are those who support educational programs deep down prisons and at that place are those who are opposed to it. well-nigh designate against education for those on death row, speckle others say that no one in prison should be presumption the fortune of an education. friendship is powerfulness, plainly why should prisoners be effrontery over this power?The money that is be fagged on pris ons should be going to the education of batch who are not criminals. Others argue that there is so much money cosmos fagged on lodging and alimentation prisoners already. why do these prisoners deserve an education when so many children are ugly through sickly funded public school systems? The most popular reason is that mountain believe their tax dollars are universe worn out(p) on educating prisoners duration many Americans postulate to steer their children to college or even good high schools. Also, educating prisoners is seen as a outback(a) reward that utilitys them by the piece quite a than emolumentting unionUnfortunately Americas individual(a)istic nature creates a blemish for their nation. They do not see the benefits of educating prisoners. An educated nation is a better nation. The berth that leave be interpreted is to rehabilitate prisoners and allow them to give-up the ghost working members of society upon their release. chthonian this perspect ive, the education system at bottom a prison would not that be incumbent provided would serve as a racy program to portion prisoners be possessed of the slightest chance at acclivitous into society as skillful and rich members.If inmates receive an education before they are released from prison, if they own help through this system to gain a job and work to support themselves, one can alone apprehend that it would reduce the level of crime and reduce the number of prisoners re-entering prisons. This anticipate is the reality. Although Studies return intelligibly shown that participants in prison education, vocation and work programs view as recidivism rates 20-60 part get than those of non-participants (Granoff, J 2009) many Americans still protest with the education of prisoners.Despite these negative arguments against educating prisoners, there exist an abundant number of vantages to these programs. After discussing with the Principal and director of the prisons and discussing with the inmates themselves, it is clear that the education system is under a lot of exam by the public. The rule of the Souza-Baranowski maximum-security prison verbalise, multitude dont see to it it. deal are seek to channelise their kids to college. citizenry are stay on by the laws and doing the right things dont see the benefit of educating those who have disjointed law.Without information on programs and how they work to benefit society, the ordinary cosmos allow for delay absorbed to the plastic aspects of these programs. The media affects the way we view society and the programs inwardly it. Media programs puree true points that cotton up what mickle indispensableness to hear, what lobbyists requisite said and what society deems important at the time. In order for people to visualise the extent of the substantiating impacts of the programs available, we need to hear more success stories like that of Joan.Joan said, I did not turn b ack at the time that I had taken the first timber on a transit of lifelong learning. Nor that the process would allow me to stash human pileus (qualifications skills and abilities), indistinguishability capital (self-worth) and complaisant capital (a validatory profits of friends and colleagues). (Erwin, J) She is just one example of the many positively wedged individuals who were modify from caterpillars to butterflies with a little cost increase and motivation.As said before, we believe that many of the subsisting programs in the prison systems aim at positively influencing the prisoners. We visit the complexness of the issues at hand and the fray that surrounds this discussion. Although these troubles exist, we came up with what our model program would consist of, and the recommendations that we have concerning the programs that are before long benessness utilized. Our model program is base on a reconstructive method. We would fatality to prisoners to forgath er human capital individualism capital and companionable capital as Joan described.The programs would be needful to ensure that all prisoners were getting involved. There would excessively be incentives to take part in the programs. Of course the prisoners should want to take advantage of these programs without organism stabed to do so, however, we name that getting the evening gown drum roll lead show these prisoners what they are unresolved of. For many inmates, no one has ever pushed them to gain on their true potentials, which leaves them hunger for self-fulfillment in all the wrongfulness arenas.Our hope is that once they see their capabilities, this result push them to expand to work hard and stir up them to move past their criminal behaviors once they are released from prison. It is very important for there to be vocational classes that give the inmates circumstantial skills and talents that go forth ensure them some job opportunities when they are released from prison. On a higher level, GED classes and college programs need to become common in all prisons alternatively of being the elision to only a few.We in addition believe that the number of programs being offered needs to be drastically change magnitude. As the inmate said, there are cd hundred people who want to be in current programs but only 18 can be. This dissimilarity is disheartening, as the propensity to change exists however the opportunity to do it is lacking. As prison populations grow into the millions, society must break up how cap on crime they are going to sustain to be. The individual states have the power to see the individual educational systems in spite of appearance their prisons. study, as a result of negativity towards all prisons, has not only become less of a priority but is seen as prisoners being given a free ride. The problem however, is that the current system that offers harsh penalization and little renewal is not working. fierce punis hment does not however mean deliberate cruelty. Prisons should not be a place that intentionally creates awful conditions for inmates. bonnie having your independence taken away from you is probably one of the scourge things that can happen to an individual. Certainly, no one has the right to wrong another person or to take his or er life however, if society does not work at rehabilitating these individuals, then the length of sentences and punitive measures allow for not only need to be increased but sour up by many notches. The bare-assed of education budgets within prisons increases the likelihood that upon release these prisoners testament only return to prison. pile in the general population are already un pull up stakesing to involve soul with a criminal account book so adding a lack of education go out make it intimately infeasible for released prisoners to do anything but go back to their old lifestyles of crime.This will only create a perennial cycle tha t will necessarily become perverting to society as a whole. Of course the deification education system orthogonal of prison is what we dream of, but until then we support the efforts to protect society by educating those who once harmed it.Work CitedErwin, throng. In Prison, pedagogics Is Your best(p) lane to a fall apart disembodied spirit Erwin James baseball club shielder. co. uk. current News, colour and Reviews from the Guardian Guardian. co. uk. Web. 27 Apr. 2011. .Granoff, Gillian. Education modify Prison College Programs unlock the Keys to mankind Potential. education update APRIL 2011 Education News. 2009. Web. 27 Apr. 2011. . Public preventive and security, terra firma of Massachusetts. (2011). Pondville correctional facility establishment picture Office.